Table 3.

Text based summary of included studies

Author/year	Type	Study aims	Method	Results and recommendations*
Ashley and Shannon (2017)	Online article	Policy and research activity overview	Literature review of GD prevalence and gambling related harm in US context	Problem Gambling can be a significant co-occurring disorder and should be included in Military Health coverage. All assessments for Addiction and Mental Health issues with Military Personnel and Veterans should require assessing for GD. More research is needed relative to the incidence of GD in the Military
GAO (2017)	Performance audit report	Investigate prevalence, assesses approaches to screening, diagnosis & treatment; and evaluate DOD/CG guidance to addressing GD	Audit of Military Health System (MHS) Data Repository, and 2 × literature searches re GD prevalence in the general population and military personal	Less than 0.03 percent of the average number of service members in each year—were diagnosed with GD or were seen for problem gambling in fiscal years 2011—2015 MHS, reflecting a tiny proportion of the estimated prevalence of problem gambling from the general and military process. Voluntary help seeking is low
GSU (2010)	Online resource	Overview of GD prevalence and gambling related harm in the Military & Veteran populations	Literature and policy activity review in the US context	Need to screen military personnel and veterans for PG is evident. Screening for GD provides opportunities to intervene, which may reduce prevalence and alleviate associated negative impacts to public health
Kennedy (2016)	Book chapter	Literature and policy review of GD in the US military compared to comorbid conditions	Literature review and policy recommendations	The frequency of suicidality and other comorbid mental health issues and substance use disorders means that screening for and evaluation of GD is not as simple as a preliminary substance abuse evaluation, for example. Tailoring of individual and group therapy are important considerations for GD treatment options, as is the different counselling services that may be necessary to provide on a case-to-case basis (financial or marital counselling, spousal education, emergent suicide risk assessment)
NCPG (2007)	Policy paper	To review the recent research and policy with the intention of drawing conclusions and directing future policy	Review of past policy and research, policy critique	Current approaches seem to be punitive rather than therapeutic. There is a need for independent research by specialists into gambling and GD in the military. Ongoing data collection efforts must be maintained and improved. In addition to the inclusion of gambling questions in the Worldwide Survey of Health Behaviours, services need to develop clear policy around the enforcement of gambling rules and regulations

DODDepartment of defence, GDGambling disorder, MHSMilitary Health System, USUnited States

*Key findings that relate to the scoping review question