Table 2.

Univariable Analysis of Associations Between Ocular and Systemic Factors with Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) at 12 Months

	Variable	Category	BCVA 12m	BCVA Baseline Adjusted
Systemic factors			Mean ± SD	Coefficient (95% CI)	P-value
	Age *	-	-	−1.5 (−2.6, −0.5)	0.004
	Sex	Male	71.7 ± 13.7	0	0.10
		Female	67.9 ± 17.0	−2.3 (−5.1, 0.4)
	Eye	Right	71.5 ± 13.7	0	0.84
		Left	69.1 ± 16.2	−0.3 (−2.9, 2.4)
	Ethnicity	Black	71.2 ± 14.4	0	0.31
		White	69.3 ± 15.4	−2.2 (−5.7, 0.8)
		Far East	69.1 ± 15.2	−5.4 (−11.4, 1.3)
		South Asian	71.7 ± 12.4	−1.9 (−5.3, 0.6)
	HbA1c	< 64	69.0 ± 14.7	0	0.007
		≥ 64	73.5 ± 11.0	3.4 (1.0, 6.3)
	eGFR *	-	-	−0.2 (−0.7, 0.4)	0.52
	Creatinine (+)	-	-	0.8 (−4.8, 6.4)	0.78
Ocular factors	BCVA baseline *	-	-	7.0 (6.1, 7.9)	<0.001
	Baseline CMT **		-	−1.4 (−2.4, −0.4)	0.02
	Baseline Macular volume	-	-	0.4 (−0.4, 1.1)	0.33
	Retinopathy status	R1	71.0 ± 15.1	0	0.07
		R2	72.0 ± 14.6	3.5 (0.2, 6.7)
		R3A	67.7 ± 14.2	2.6 (−1.7, 7.0)
		R3S	58.7 ± 16.7	−2.2 (−8.7, 4.2)
	Lens status	Cataract	70.5 ± 14.5	0	0.54
		Pseudophakic	67.9 ± 17.8	−1.1 (−4.5, 2.4)
	Subretinal fluid	No	70.9 ± 15.1	0	0.67
		Yes	68.5 ± 14.8	0.7 (−2.6, 4.0)
	Epiretinal Membrane	No	71.2 ± 13.9	0	0.18
		Yes	66.7 ± 17.2	−2.1 (−5.1, 1.0)
	Vitreomacular Adhesion (VMA)	No	70.1 ± 15.2	0	0.73
		Yes	72.2 ± 13.4	0.7 (−3.5, 4.9)
	Vitreomacular Traction (VMT)	No	70.5 ± 15.0	0	0.09
		Yes	65.8 ± 17.3	−6.8 (−14.7, 1.0)

Notes: *Regression coefficients reported for a 10-unit increase in variable (+) Variable analysed on the log scale (base 10) **Regression coefficients reported for a 100-unit increase in variable.

Abbreviations: BCVA, best corrected visual acuity; CMT, central macular thickness; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; R0, no diabetic retinopathy; R1, mild and moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; R2, severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; R3A, active proliferative diabetic retinopathy, R3S, stable treated proliferative diabetic retinopathy.