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. 2021 May 24;11:10783. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88960-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The V1 model architecture. (A and B) Layer 2/3 and Layer 4 lateral connectivity. All cortical neurons make local connections within their layer. Layer 2/3 excitatory neurons also make long-range functionally specific connections. For the sake of clarity A and B do not show the functional specificity of local connections and connection ranges are not to scale. (C) Extent of the modelled visual field and example of RFs of one ON and one OFF-center LGN relay neuron. As indicated, the model is retinotopically organized. (D) Local connectivity scheme in Layer 2/3: connections are orientation- but not phase-specific, leading to predominantly Complex cell type RFs. Both neuron types receive narrow connections from Layer 4 excitatory neurons. (E) Local connectivity in Layer 4 follows a push-pull organization. (F) Afferent RFs of Layer 4 neurons are formed by sampling synapses from a probability distribution defined by a Gabor function overlaid on the ON and OFF LGN sheets, where positive parts of the Gabor function are overlaid on ON and negative on OFF-center sheets. The ON regions of RFs are shown in white, OFF regions in black.