Table 5.
Prevalence of hypertension and phenotypes in Chinese children and adolescents, CHNS 1991–2015.
| Variable | 1991 (n = 2,429) | 1993 (n = 2,254) | 1997 (n = 2254) | 2000 (n = 2217) | 2004 (n = 1,364) | 2006 (n = 1,145) | 2009 (n = 1,012) | 2011 (n = 1404) | 2015 (n = 1,064) | AAI (%) | ARI (%) | P for age-adjusted trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prehypertension (%, 95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 7.0 (6.0–8.1) | 7.5 (6.4–8.6) | 8.5 (7.4–9.7) | 9.2 (8.0–10.4) | 9.9 (8.4–11.6) | 9.2 (7.6–11.0) | 11.3 (9.5–13.4) | 9.9 (8.4–11.6) | 13.0 (11.1–15.1) | 0.3 | 3.6 | <0.001 |
| AGE GROUP | ||||||||||||
| 7–12 years | 5.7 (4.6–7.1) | 6.1 (5–7.6) | 6.5 (5.3–7.9) | 6.5 (5.3–8.1) | 7.1 (5.4–9.1) | 6.1 (4.6–8.2) | 9.5 (7.5–12.1) | 6.3 (4.9–8.1) | 12.7 (10.6–15.2) | 0.3 | 5.2 | <0.001 |
| 13–17 years | 8.6 (7.1–10.4) | 9.2 (7.5–11.2) | 11.6 (9.7–13.9) | 12.3 (10.4–14.5) | 12.4 (10.2–15.0) | 13.4 (10.6–16.8) | 14.0 (10.9–17.8) | 15.8 (13.0–19.2) | 13.7 (10.0–18.3) | 0.2 | 2.5 | <0.001 |
| SEX | ||||||||||||
| Male | 6.6 (5.3–8.1) | 7.5 (6.1–9.1) | 8.7 (7.2–10.5) | 9.5 (8.0–11.3) | 11.7 (9.5–14.2) | 9.5 (7.4–12.1) | 11.9 (9.5–14.9) | 11.8 (9.6–14.4) | 13.3 (10.7–16.4) | 0.3 | 4.3 | <0.001 |
| Female | 7.5 (6.1–9.1) | 7.4 (6.0–9.1) | 8.3 (6.8–10.1) | 8.7 (7.2–10.6) | 7.9 (6.1–10.3) | 8.8 (6.6–11.5) | 10.4 (7.9–13.6) | 8.0 (6.2–10.2) | 12.6 (10.0–15.8) | 0.2 | 2.9 | 0.001 |
| Hypertension (%, 95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 8.5 (7.4–9.7) | 9.6 (8.5–10.9) | 11.1 (9.9–12.5) | 12.4 (11.1–13.8) | 16.9 (15.0–18.9) | 9.9 (8.3–11.7) | 15.9 (13.8–18.3) | 12.6 (11.0–14.4) | 19.2 (16.9–21.7) | 0.5 | 5.3 | <0.001 |
| AGE GROUP | ||||||||||||
| 7–12 years | 4.5 (3.5–5.7) | 8.0 (6.7–9.6) | 8.1 (6.8–9.7) | 9.9 (8.3–11.7) | 13.2 (10.8–16) | 6.3 (4.7–8.4) | 16.3 (13.6–19.5) | 11.3 (9.4–13.6) | 18.2 (15.6–21.0) | 0.6 | 12.7 | <0.001 |
| 13–17 years | 13.3 (11.5–15.5) | 11.8 (9.9–14.0) | 15.7 (13.5–18.3) | 15.3 (13.3–17.7) | 20.2 (17.4–23.3) | 14.9 (11.9–18.3) | 15.2 (12.0–19.1) | 14.7 (11.9–18.0) | 22.1 (17.6–27.5) | 0.4 | 2.8 | <0.001 |
| SEX | ||||||||||||
| Male | 9.0 (7.5–10.7) | 10.1 (8.5–12) | 10.1 (8.5–11.9) | 13.2 (11.4–15.2) | 16.4 (13.9–19.3) | 10.2 (8.8–12.8) | 14.4 (11.7–17.6) | 14.2 (11.8–16.9) | 21.5 (18.3–25.1) | 0.5 | 5.8 | <0.001 |
| Female | 8.0 (6.6–9.7) | 9.1 (7.5–11.0) | 12.3 (10.5–14.5) | 11.4 (9.6–13.5) | 17.4 (14.7–20.5) | 9.5 (7.3–12.3) | 17.8 (14.5–21.6) | 11.0 (8.9–13.6) | 16.7 (13.7–20.2) | 0.4 | 4.6 | <0.001 |
| Stage 1 hypertension (%, 95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 8.0 (7.0–9.2) | 9.1 (8.0–10.4) | 10.6 (9.4–11.9) | 11.7 (10.5–13.1) | 16.0 (14.1–18) | 9.7 (8.1–11.5) | 14.6 (12.6–16.9) | 12.3 (10.6–14.1) | 17.7 (15.5–20.1) | 0.4 | 5.0 | <0.001 |
| AGE GROUP | ||||||||||||
| 7–12 years | 4.3 (3.3–5.5) | 7.5 (6.2–9.1) | 7.7 (6.4–9.3) | 9.3 (7.8–11.1) | 12.1 (9.8–14.8) | 6.3 (4.7–8.4) | 14.7 (12.1–17.7) | 11.0 (9.1–13.2) | 16.4 (14–19.1) | 0.5 | 11.8 | <0.001 |
| 13–17 years | 12.6 (10.8–14.7) | 11.1 (9.3–13.3) | 14.8 (12.7–17.3) | 14.7 (12.6–17.0) | 19.5 (16.8–22.6) | 14.4 (11.6–17.9) | 14.5 (11.3–18.3) | 14.3 (11.6–17.6) | 21.4 (16.9–26.7) | 0.4 | 2.9 | <0.001 |
| SEX | ||||||||||||
| Male | 8.7 (7.3–10.4) | 9.4 (7.9–11.3) | 9.8 (8.3–11.6) | 12.4 (10.6–14.4) | 15.6 (13.1–18.4) | 9.9 (7.7–12.5) | 13.2 (10.6–16.2) | 13.7 (11.4–16.5) | 20.4 (17.2–24.0) | 0.5 | 5.6 | <0.001 |
| Female | 7.3 (5.9–8.9) | 8.7 (7.2–10.5) | 11.4 (9.6–13.4) | 11.0 (9.2–13.0) | 16.5 (13.8–19.5) | 9.5 (7.3–12.3) | 16.4 (13.3–20.2) | 10.7 (8.6–13.2) | 14.8 (11.9–18.1) | 0.3 | 4.3 | <0.001 |
| Stage 2 hypertension (%, 95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 0.2 (0.0–0.7) | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) | 0.4 (0.1–0.9) | 1.5 (0.9–2.4) | 0.0 | 9.7 | 0.012 |
| AGE GROUP | ||||||||||||
| 7–12 years | 0.2 (0.1–0.7) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 1.6 (0.9–3.0) | 0.3 (0.1–1.1) | 1.8 (1.0–3.0) | 0.06 | 28.6 | <0.001 |
| 13–17 years | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) | 0.6 (0.3–1.4) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 0.7 (0.3–1.4) | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) | 0.4 (0.1–1.7) | 0.8 (0.2–2.3) | 0.4 (0.1–1.5) | 0.7 (0.2–2.9) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.589 |
| SEX | ||||||||||||
| Male | 0.2 (0.1–0.7) | 0.7 (0.3–1.4) | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.8) | 0.3 (0.1–1.3) | 1.2 (0.6–2.6) | 0.4 (0.1–1.3) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 0.0 | 14.8 | 0.045 |
| Female | 0.7 (0.3–1.4) | 0.4 (0.1–1.0) | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 1.3 (0.6–2.9) | 0.3 (0.1–1.2) | 1.9 (1.0–3.6) | 0.1 | 7.8 | 0.110 |
| ISH (%, 95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) | 1.4 (0.9–1.9) | 2.1 (1.5–3.0) | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | 2.2 (1.4–3.2) | 0.1 | 5.4 | 0.001 |
| AGE GROUP | ||||||||||||
| 7–12 years | 1 (0.6–1.8) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 1.7 (0.9–2.9) | 1.3 (0.7–2.6) | 2.0 (1.1–3.5) | 1.5 (0.9–2.8) | 1.5 (0.7–2.9) | 0.02 | 1.7 | <0.001 |
| 13–17 years | 0.8 (0.5–1.6) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) | 1.4 (0.9–2.4) | 2.6 (1.6–4.2) | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) | 2.9 (1.8–4.8) | 0.1 | 10.1 | 0.932 |
| SEX | ||||||||||||
| Male | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) | 0.5 (0.3–1.1) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 1.9 (1.1–3.4) | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | 2.0 (1.2–3.3) | 0.1 | 23.9 | 0.027 |
| Female | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 2.3 (1.5–3.6) | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) | 3.1 (2.0–4.6) | 1.0 (0.4–2.5) | 1.0 (0.4–2.7) | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) | 2.6 (1.2–5.3) | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.021 |
| IDH (%, 95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 6.2 (5.3–7.2) | 7.5 (6.5–8.7) | 7.5 (6.5–8.7) | 8.9 (7.8–10.1) | 13.0 (11.3–14.9) | 7.2 (5.8–8.8) | 12.1 (10.2–14.2) | 9.2 (7.8–10.8) | 14.1 (12.1–16.3) | 0.3 | 5.4 | <0.001 |
| AGE GROUP | ||||||||||||
| 7–12 years | 3.6 (2.7–4.7) | 6.1 (4.9–7.5) | 4.9 (3.9–6.2) | 6.1 (4.9–7.6) | 10.5 (8.4–13.1) | 3.1 (2.1–4.8) | 11.7 (9.3–14.4) | 7.8 (6.2–9.8) | 12.6 (10.5–15.1) | 0.4 | 10.5 | <0.001 |
| 13–17 years | 9.3 (7.7–11.2) | 9.5 (7.8–11.5) | 11.4 (9.5–13.6) | 12.2 (10.3–14.3) | 15.2 (12.7–18) | 12.8 (10.1–16.1) | 12.7 (9.7–16.4) | 11.5 (9.1–14.5) | 18.5 (14.3–23.5) | 0.4 | 4.1 | <0.001 |
| SEX | ||||||||||||
| Male | 6.6 (5.4–8.2) | 7.8 (6.4–9.5) | 7.6 (6.3–9.3) | 9.7 (8.1–11.5) | 12.8 (10.5–15.4) | 7.4 (5.6–9.8) | 10.5 (8.2–13.3) | 10.2 (8.2–12.7) | 16.4 (13.5–19.7) | 0.4 | 6.1 | <0.001 |
| Female | 5.7 (4.5–7.2) | 7.2 (5.8–8.9) | 7.3 (5.9–9.1) | 8.0 (6.5–9.8) | 13.2 (10.8–16.0) | 6.9 (5.0–9.4) | 14.0 (11.1–17.5) | 8.1 (6.3–10.4) | 11.7 (9.1–14.7) | 0.3 | 4.4 | <0.001 |
| SDH (%, 95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 1.4 (1.4–1.9) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 2.1 (1.6–2.8) | 2.1 (1.6–2.8) | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 1.6 (1.0–2.5) | 2.3 (1.5–3.4) | 2.3 (1.6–3.2) | 2.9 (2.1–4.1) | 0.1 | 4.8 | 0.001 |
| AGE GROUP | ||||||||||||
| 7–12 years | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 2.1 (1.5–3.1) | 2.4 (1.7–3.4) | 1.5 (0.8–2.9) | 1.9 (1.1–3.3) | 2.8 (1.7–4.4) | 2.3 (1.5–3.5) | 3.5 (2.4–5.1) | 0.12 | 20.4 | <0.001 |
| 13–17 years | 2.3 (1.5–3.4) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 2.0 (1.3–3.2) | 1.8 (1.1–2.8) | 1.9 (1.2–3.3) | 1.0 (0.4–2.5) | 1.5 (0.7–3.4) | 2.3 (1.3–3.9) | 1.1 (0.4–3.4) | −0.1 | −2.2 | 0.632 |
| SEX | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 1.5 (1.0–2.4) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 2.2 (1.5–3.2) | 1.9 (1.2–3.3) | 1.5 (0.8–2.8) | 2.0 (1.1–3.5) | 2.4 (1.5–3.8) | 3.6 (2.4–5.6) | 0.1 | 7.7 | 0.002 |
| Female | 1.4 (0.9–2.3) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 3.0 (2.1–4.2) | 2.0 (1.3–3.1) | 1.6 (0.8–2.9) | 1.7 (0.9–3.2) | 2.7 (1.5–4.6) | 2.2 (1.3–3.6) | 2.1 (1.2–3.8) | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.146 |
AAI, Average annual increase, AAI was computed by dividing the difference of prevalence between 1991 and 2015 by the number of years covered; ARI=Average relative increase, ARI was calculated by dividing the average annual change by the baseline prevalence in 1991; trends in prevalence from 1991 to 2015 were assessed by the generalized–estimating-equation method and adjusted by age and sex.