Table 6.
Multivariable odds ratios of demographic, geographic, and anthropometric factors and obesity for childhood hypertension and phenotypes.
| Characteristic | Prehypertension | Hypertension | Stage 1 hypertension | Stage 2 hypertension | ISH | IDH | SDH | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | |
| SURVEY YEAR | ||||||||||||||
| 1993 | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| 1997 | 1.17 (0.91–1.52) | 0.226 | 1.09 (0.86–1.37) | 0.484 | 1.11 (0.88–1.41) | 0.380 | 0.74 (0.30–1.83) | 0.517 | 1.93 (0.94–3.96) | 0.073 | 0.97 (0.74–1.26) | 0.800 | 1.25 (0.72–2.17) | 0.428 |
| 2000 | 1.23 (0.96–1.59) | 0.106 | 1.17 (0.93–1.46) | 0.188 | 1.20 (0.95–1.51) | 0.133 | 0.75 (0.31–1.82) | 0.530 | 1.78 (0.86–3.68) | 0.118 | 1.08 (0.83–1.40) | 0.556 | 1.30 (0.75–2.27) | 0.348 |
| 2004 | 1.33 (1.01–1.75) | 0.043 | 1.61 (1.27–2.04) | <0.001 | 1.65 (1.30–2.10) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.39–2.54) | 1.000 | 2.73 (1.30–5.71) | 0.008 | 1.58 (1.22–2.06) | 0.001 | 1.13 (0.61–2.12) | 0.695 |
| 2006 | 1.18 (0.88–1.58) | 0.276 | 0.89 (0.68–1.17) | 0.413 | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | 0.708 | 0.21 (0.05–0.97) | 0.045 | 1.35 (0.58–3.14) | 0.489 | 0.85 (0.62–1.16) | 0.311 | 0.79 (0.40–1.57) | 0.499 |
| 2009 | 1.61 (1.21–2.16) | 0.001 | 1.60 (1.24–2.07) | <0.001 | 1.60 (1.23–2.08) | 0.001 | 1.57 (0.67–3.68) | 0.296 | 2.03 (0.93–4.45) | 0.076 | 1.60 (1.20–2.13) | 0.001 | 1.31 (0.69–2.49) | 0.410 |
| 2011 | 1.35 (1.02–1.78) | 0.035 | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) | 0.377 | 1.18 (0.92–1.53) | 0.192 | 0.33 (0.11–1.05) | 0.060 | 1.19 (0.54–2.62) | 0.666 | 1.11 (0.84–1.47) | 0.475 | 1.10 (0.60–2.00) | 0.754 |
| 2015 | 2.14 (1.62–2.85) | <0.001 | 2.08 (1.61–2.67) | <0.001 | 2.09 (1.61–2.71) | <0.001 | 1.53 (0.65–3.59) | 0.327 | 2.48 (1.17–5.25) | 0.018 | 2.16 (1.63–2.86) | <0.001 | 1.37 (0.73–2.55) | 0.324 |
| AGE GROUP | ||||||||||||||
| 7–12 years | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| 13–17 years | 2.08 (1.82–2.37) | <0.001 | 1.76 (1.56–1.97) | <0.001 | 1.81 (1.61–2.03) | <0.001 | 1.02 (0.63–1.63) | 0.939 | 1.57 (1.15–2.14) | 0.004 | 2.02 (1.77–2.31) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.69–1.22) | 0.553 |
| SEX | ||||||||||||||
| Male | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| Female | 0.83 (0.73–0.95) | 0.005 | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 0.160 | 0.91 (0.81–1.03) | 0.126 | 1.08 (0.69–1.70) | 0.743 | 1.19 (0.87–1.63) | 0.279 | 0.86 (0.75–0.98) | 0.025 | 1.01 (0.77–1.33) | 0.927 |
| LOCATION | ||||||||||||||
| Urban | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| Rural | 1.08 (0.94–1.25) | 0.283 | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 0.358 | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 0.346 | 1.03 (0.63–1.67) | 0.918 | 1.42 (0.99–2.04) | 0.055 | 0.86 (0.75–0.99) | 0.042 | 1.16 (0.86–1.58) | 0.328 |
| REGION | ||||||||||||||
| North | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| South | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | 0.401 | 0.65 (0.58–0.73) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.57–0.73) | <0.001 | 0.70 (0.44–1.12) | 0.134 | 1.10 (0.78–1.55) | 0.576 | 0.59 (0.52–0.68) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.58–1.02) | 0.063 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 0.003 | 1.10 (1.07–1.14) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.07–1.14) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 0.014 | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | 0.044 | 1.08 (1.04–1.12) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.01–1.24) | 0.030 |
| WC (cm) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.012 | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.804 |
| GENERAL OBESITY | ||||||||||||||
| Normal | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| Overweight | 1.26 (1.00–1.59) | 0.051 | 1.66 (1.38–2.01) | <0.001 | 1.68 (1.39–2.04) | <0.001 | 1.25 (0.56–2.76) | 0.584 | 1.48 (0.84–2.59) | 0.172 | 1.54 (1.24–1.91) | <0.001 | 2.47 (1.62–3.77) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 2.00 (1.47–2.73) | <0.001 | 2.69 (2.10–3.44) | <0.001 | 2.62 (2.03–3.38) | <0.001 | 3.68 (1.82–7.44) | <0.001 | 3.56 (2.03–6.22) | <0.001 | 1.83 (1.36–2.47) | <0.001 | 7.27 (4.57–11.59) | <0.001 |
| CENTRAL OBESITY | ||||||||||||||
| Normal | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| Central Obesity | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) | 0.203 | 1.49 (1.21–1.83) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.16–1.78) | 0.001 | 2.76 (1.48–5.14) | 0.001 | 2.43 (1.48–3.99) | <0.001 | 1.50 (1.19–1.90) | 0.001 | 1.08 (0.69–1.72) | 0.728 |
*Values were odds ratio (95% confidence interval); Odds ratio for each variable was adjusted for all other variables in the table; Ref, reference; BMI, Body Mass Index; WC, Waist Circumference;The comparisons were between hypertension groups and normotensives; The multivariable generalized estimating equations (GEE) logistic regression adjusted all variables listed.