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. 2021 May 11;8:670222. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.670222

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Copyright © 2021 Lu, Yuan, Min, Yuan and Cai.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanisms of AMPK in vascular calcification. AMPK plays an essential role in calcification through multiple mechanisms, including inhibiting runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) signaling pathways, triggering autophagy, attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress, and dynamic-related protein 1(DRP1)-mediated mitochondrial fission, and activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase. By preventing the osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells, AMPK can prevent vascular calcification development. AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; DRP1, dynamic-related protein 1; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ERS, endoplasmic reticulum stress; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell.