Table 2.
Detailed study characteristics of the selected studies.
| Author | Year | No. of animals or patients | Species | No. of samples (per group) | No. of study groups | Implant material | Implant coating or implant type | Bone | Time (weeks) | Loading conditions | Loading cycles and time | Micromotion (µm) | Bone ingrowth | Bone-implant-contact | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osseo-integrated | Non-osseo-integrated | ||||||||||||||
| Aspenberg | 1992 | 6 | rabbits | 13 | 2 | titanium | none | Tibia | 3 | Unloaded | N/A | Unloaded | Not measured | ||
| 15 | 3 | 500 µm Micromotion | 20 cycles/day | 500 | |||||||||||
| Bragdon | 1996 | 20 | Dogs | 5 | 4 | Titanium | None | Femur | 6 | UNLOADED | N/A | Unloaded | Not measured | ||
| 6 | 20 µm Micromotion | 8 h/day | 20 | ||||||||||||
| 6 | 40 µm micromotion | 8 h/day | 40 | ||||||||||||
| 6 | 150 µm micromotion | 8 h/day | 150 | ||||||||||||
| Duyck | 2006 | 10 | Rabbits | 10 | 4 | Titanium | None | Tibia | 6 | Unloaded | Unloaded | 20–25% | |||
| 6 | 30 µm micromotion | 800 cycles/day; twice/week | 30 | 5–10% | |||||||||||
| 6 | 60 µm micromotion | 800 cycles/day; twice/week | 60 | 15–20% | |||||||||||
| 6 | 90 µm micromotion | 800 cycles/day; twice/week | 90 | 5–10% | |||||||||||
| Goodman a | 1995 | 9 | Rabbits | 9 | 4 | Titanium | Micromotion alone | Femur | 3 | 500 µm micromotion | 40 cycles/day | 500 | 25 ± 6 | ||
| Polyethylene particles only | 3 | Unloaded | N/A | Unloaded | 23 ± 9 | ||||||||||
| No polyethylene | 3 | Unloaded | N/A | Unloaded | 33 ± 6 | ||||||||||
| polyethylene + micromotion | 3 | 500 µm micromotion | 40 cycles/day | 500 | 23 ± 9 | ||||||||||
| Goodman b | 1993 | 7 | Rabbits | 7 | 3 | Titanium | None | 3 | Unloaded | Unloaded | 31 ± 2% | ||||
| 10 | Tibia | 3 | 750 µm micromotion | 20 cycles/day | 750 | 46 ± 5% | |||||||||
| 7 | 3 | 750 µm micromotion | 20 cycles twice/day | 750 | 19 ± 7% | ||||||||||
| Goodman c | 1994 | 5 | Rabbits | 5 | 3 | Titanium | None | Tibia | 6 | 500 µm micromotion (3 weeks), then unloaded (3 weeks) | 40 cycles/day then unloaded | 500 | 37 ± 7 | ||
| 3 | 500 µm micromotion | 500 | 20 ± 2 | ||||||||||||
| 3 | Unloaded | N/A | unloaded | 37 ± 6 | |||||||||||
| Goodman d | 1993 | 10 | Rabbits | 6 | 2 | Titanium | Square chamber | Tibia | 3 | 500 µm micromotion | 20 cycles/day | 500 | not measured | ||
| 5 | Round chamber | 3 | 500 µm micromotion | 20 cycles/day | 500 | not measured | |||||||||
| Jakobsen a | 2015 | 10 | Sheep | 10 | 2 | PMMA | Femur | 12 | 500 µm micromotion | Every gait cycle | Unloaded | 500 | |||
| Jakobsen b | 2017 | 10 | Sheep | 10 | 2 | PMMA | Control | Femur | 12 | 500 µm micromotion | Every gait cycle | 500 | |||
| Zoledronate | 12 | 500 µm micromotion | Every gait cycle | 500 | |||||||||||
| Jasty | 1997 | 20 | Dogs | 5 | 4 | Titanium | None | Femur | 6 | Unloaded | N/A | Unloaded | 9.3 ± 2.3 | ||
| 6 | 20 µm micromotion | 8 h/day | 20 | 9.0 ± 3.1 | |||||||||||
| 6 | 40 µm micromotion | 8 h/day | 40 | 11.8 ± 3.9 | |||||||||||
| 6 | 150 µm micromotion | 8 h/day | 150 | 10.4 ± 3.0 | |||||||||||
| Kawahara | 2003 | Beagles | Titanium | None | Mandi-ble | 6 | 8 N | 10 s | 30 | 580, 630 | not measured | ||||
| Overgaard | 1996 | 14 | Dogs | 7 | 2 | Titanium | Hydroxyapatite coated | Femur | 16 | 150 µm micromotion (4 weeks), then unloaded (12 weeks) | Everyday | 150 | 28.5 ± 8.8 | 54.6 ± 10.0 | |
| 16 | 150 µm micromotion | Everyday | 150 | 24.1 ± 16.1 | 37.7 ± 10.1 | ||||||||||
| Soballe | 1992 | 14 | Dogs | 8 | 4 | Titanium | Hydroxyapatite coated | Femur | 4 | 500 µm micromotion | every gait cycle | 500 | 0–10% | ||
| Hydroxyapatite coated | 4 | Unloaded | N/A | unloaded | 45% | ||||||||||
| Titanium coated | 4 | 500 µm micromotion | every gait cycle | 500 | 0–10% | ||||||||||
| Titanium coated | 4 | Unloaded | N/A | Unloaded | 0–10% | ||||||||||
| Soballe | 1992 | 14 | Dogs | 7 | 4 | Titanium | Hydroxyapatite coated | Femur | 4 | 150 µm micromotion | Every gait cycle | 150 | 7 ± 2 | ||
| Hydroxyapatite coated | 4 | unloaded | N/A | unloaded | 65 ± 2 | ||||||||||
| Titanium coated | 4 | 150 µm micromotion | Every gait cycle | 150 | 0 | ||||||||||
| Vandamme a | 2007 | 14 | Rabbits | 10 | 3 | Titanium | None | Tibia | 12 | Unloaded | N/A | unloaded | 0–20% | ||
| 10 | 6 | 30 µm micromotion | 400 cycles/day ; twice/week | 30 | 0–20% | ||||||||||
| 11 | 12 | 30 µm micromotion (6 weeks), then 50 µm micromotion (6 weeks) | 400 cycles/day; twice/week, then 800 cycles/day; twice/week | 30, 50 | 60–80% | ||||||||||
| Vandamme b | 2007 | 10 | rabbits | 10 | 3 | Titanium | none | Tibia | 9 | Unloaded | unloaded | 42.22 | |||
| 9 | 30 µm micromotion | 400 cycles/day; thrice/week | 30 | 71.43 | |||||||||||
| 9 | 90 µm micromotion | 400 cycles/day; thrice/week | 90 | 74.36 | |||||||||||
| Vandamme c | 2008 | 20 | Rabbits | 10 | 2 | Titanium | Turned | Tibia | 9 | Unloaded | N/A | unloaded | 6.98 | ||
| Turned | 9 | 30 µm micromotion | 400 cycles/day; thrice/week | 30 | 53.33 | ||||||||||
| Roughened | 9 | Unloaded | N/A | Unloaded | 42.22 | ||||||||||
| Roughened | 9 | 30 µm micromotion | 400 cycles/day; thrice/week | 30 | 71.43 | ||||||||||
| Vandamme d | 2007 | 10 | Rabbits | 10 | 3 | Titanium | screw | Tibia | 9 | Unloaded | N/A | unloaded | 0–3% | ||
| screw | 9 | 30 µm micromotion | 400 cycles/day; thrice/week | 30 | 9–20% | ||||||||||
| cylindrical | 9 | 30 µm micromotion | 400 cycles/day; thrice/week | 30 | 0–8% | ||||||||||
| titanium | 4 | Unloaded | N/A | Unloaded | 13 ± 3 | ||||||||||
| Manley | 1995 | 12 | Dogs | 6 | 2 | Titanium | Collared | Femur | 16 | ± 50 N | 16 s at 0.5 Hz | 33 ± 23.7 | 52 ± 11.4 | ||
| Collarless | 16 | ± 50 N | 16 s at 0.5 Hz | 17 ± 4.2 | 42 ± 8.5 | ||||||||||
| Pilliar | 1986 | Dogs | 5 | 3 | Cobalt Chrome | Femur | 52 | 28 | 150 | ||||||
| Trisi a | 2017 | 2 | sheep | 10 | 2 | Titanium | SLA | Iliac crest | 8 | 25 N/mm | End point analysis | 77.9 ± 17.29 | 49.49 ± 7.70 | ||
| FEL | 8 | 25 N/mm | End point analysis | 75.3 ± 19 | 65.33 ± 6.35 | ||||||||||
| Trisi b | 2015 | 4 | Sheep | 20 | 2 | Titanium | Large threaded | Iliac crest | 8 | 25 N/mm | End point analysis | 64 ± 27 | 50.58 ± 8.65 | ||
| small threaded | 8 | 25 N/mm | End point analysis | 177 ± 87 | 40.98 ± 14.03 | ||||||||||
| Large threaded | Mandi-ble | 8 | 25 N/mm | End point analysis | 15 ± 5 | 36.1 ± 18.3 | |||||||||
| small threaded | 8 | 25 N/mm | End point analysis | 22 ± 6 | 34.06 ± 18.18 | ||||||||||
| Trisi c | 2016 | 2 | Sheep | 10 | 2 | Titanium | Coventional drill | Iliac crest | 8 | 25 N/mm | End point analysis | 94.88 ± 10.94 | 46.19 ± 3.98 | ||
| Osseo-densification | 8 | 25 N/mm | End point analysis | 60.45 ± 5.29 | 49.58 ± 3.19 | ||||||||||
| Trisi d | 2016 | 2 | Sheep | 24 | 2 | Titanium | Healthy | Iliac crest | 8 | 25 N/cm | End point analysis | 161.26 ± 134.39 | 44.75 ± 9.77 | ||
| Failed | 8 | 25 N/cm | End point analysis | 619.5 ± 328.26 | 22.6 ± 9.54 | ||||||||||
| Engh | 1992 | 14 (6 female) | Human, mean age 71 | 14 | 1 | Cobalt Chrome | Coated hip stem | Femur | 52–403 | Gait & stair climbing | N/A | < 40 | 150 | ||