Table 2.
Structural equation model (SEM) parameter estimates (β) and standard errors (SE) for management and vegetation variables (response variables paths and results shown in Supplementary Materials).
| Response | Predictor | Unstandardized β | Scale—standardized β | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | SE | ||||
| Animal density | ← Livestock type | − 3.99 | 1.06 | − 0.48 | < 0.01 |
| Grazing pressure | ← Livestock type | 31.6 | 25.65 | 0.18 | 0.22 |
| Vegetation cover | ← Livestock type | 2.44 | 3.72 | 0.10 | 0.52 |
| Vegetation cover | ← Grazing pressure | − 0.02 | 0.02 | − 0.13 | 0.37 |
| Vegetation height | ← Livestock type | 3.34 | 3.33 | 0.14 | 0.32 |
| Vegetation height | ← Grazing pressure | − 0.05 | 0.02 | − 0.35 | 0.01 |
| Animal density | ↔ Grazing pressure | 0.51 | NA | NA | < 0.01 |
| Vegetation height | ↔ Vegetation cover | 0.38 | NA | NA | < 0.01 |
Double-headed arrows indicate correlated errors and are shown in the column for unstandardized estimates. Significant effects are highlighted in bold.