Table 3.

Number and characteristics of observed TIAEs.

	NICU intubations (n = 114)	DR intubations (n = 136)	Transport intubations (n = 8)
Category of TIAE, n (%)*
Death	0 (0)	1 (0.7)	0 (0)
Resuscitation	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Airway injury	3 (2.6)	7 (5.1)	0 (0)
Hemorrhage	12 (10.5)	12 (8.8)	0 (0)
Chest wall rigidity	10 (8.8)	3 (2.2)	0 (0)
Emesis	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Esophageal intubation
Without desaturation	17 (14.9)	15 (11.0)	2 (25.0)
With desaturation	16 (14.0)	24 (17.6)	1 (12.5)
Treatment of arterial hypotension	7 (6.1)	18 (13.2)	3 (37.5)
Treatment of pain or discomfort following intubation	15 (13.2)	17 (12.5)	4 (50.0)
New occurrence or progression of intraventricular hemorrhage#	0 (0)	1 (0.7)	0 (0)
Pneumothorax	0 (0)	15 (11.0)	0 (0)
Mainstem intubation	4 (3.5)	2 (1.5)	1 (12.5)
Difficult bag-mask ventilation	11 (9.6)	15 (11.0)	0 (0)
Equipment failure	12 (10.5)	10 (7.4)	0 (0)
Turning to emergency	6 (5.3)	1 (0.7)	0 (0)
Others/unspecified	7 (6.1)	3 (2.2)	0 (0)

^*Some intubation encounters were associated with multiple TIAEs;

^#Analysis only includes encounters with pre-intubation cranial imaging; TIAE, tracheal intubation-associated event; IE, intubation encounter; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; DR, delivery room; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage.