TABLE 1.
Representative B. subtilis CESRs that modify the lipidome and membrane proteome1.
| CESR | Gene(s) | Function | References |
| Lipidome | |||
| σW | fabHA-fabF | Homeoviscous adaptation; Increased anteiso FA, decreased straight chain FA | Kingston et al., 2011 |
| DesKR | des | Homeoviscous adaptation; Δ-5-FA desaturase | de Mendoza, 2014 |
| σX, σV | dltABCDE | Surface charge modification; D-alanylation of LTA, WTA; contributes to lantibiotic resistance | Cao and Helmann, 2004; Pietiainen et al., 2005; Kingston et al., 2013 |
| σX, σV | pssA-ybfM-psd | Surface charge modification; synthesis of PE (zwitterionic lipid) from anionic phosphatidylglycerol; upregulated by 1-butanol treatment | Cao and Helmann, 2004; Vinayavekhin et al., 2015 |
| σM | ytpAB | YtpA; FA chain hydrolysis to generate lysophospholipids YtpB; initiating enzyme in sesquarterpene synthesis | Tamehiro et al., 2002; Sato et al., 2011 |
| σM | ltaSa | Alternative LTA synthase; induced in strains lacking the primary synthase (LtaS). | Eiamphungporn and Helmann, 2008; Wormann et al., 2011; Hashimoto et al., 2013 |
| Proteome | |||
| σW | floA floT | FloA and FloT flotillins (SPFH family); integral membrane proteins implicated in lipid raft function; Induction of yqeZ-floA-yqfB operon provides resistance against sublancin. | Butcher and Helmann, 2006; Bramkamp and Lopez, 2015 |
| σW | pspA | PspA; phage shock protein A (PspA/VIPP1/IM30/ESCRT III family), membrane protection and remodeling; contributes to nisin resistance. | Kingston et al., 2013; Flores-Kim and Darwin, 2016; Manganelli and Gennaro, 2017 |
| σW | yknWXYZ yfhLM | YknWXYZ (transporter) and YfhLM provide protection against the SdpC “cannibalism toxin.” YfhL is a paralog of the SdpI immunity protein. | Butcher and Helmann, 2006; Lamsa et al., 2012; Yamada et al., 2012; Hofler et al., 2016 |
| σW | ydbST | YdbST provide protection against Amylocyclicin (cyclic lipopeptide). | Butcher and Helmann, 2006; Scholz et al., 2014 |
| LiaRS | liaIH | LiaH; a PspA paralog, anchored by LiaI. Strongly induced by membrane-perturbing antimicrobials; induced by TAT protein export. | Mascher et al., 2004; Radeck et al., 2017; Bernal-Cabas et al., 2020 |
| BceRS | bceAB | Prototype for flux-sensing TCS (BceRS) that integrates signals from the cognate ABC transporter (BceAB). | Fritz et al., 2015; Radeck et al., 2016; Kobras et al., 2020 |
| LnrJK | lrnLMN | A flux-sensing system for induction of linearmycin and amphotericin (polyene antibiotic) resistance. | Stubbendieck and Straight, 2017; Stubbendieck et al., 2018; Revilla-Guarinos et al., 2020 |
1 This list includes representative systems from B. subtilis, but does not include CESRs with related functions from other organisms.