Table 5.
Focus on Anxiety, Depression, Stress, and Mental Health: analysis of categorical tests (IES, GHQ) data (n, % column).
| Variable | BAI | BDI | IES | GHQ | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Medium | High | Minimal | Mild | Moderate | Severe | Subclinical | Mild | Moderate | Severe | No problem | Some problems | Several problems | |||
| N (%) 653 | N = 318 | N = 207 | N = 128 | N = 471 | N = 104 | N = 51 | N = 27 | N = 207 | N = 213 | N = 148 | N = 85 | N = 53 | N = 330 | N = 270 | ||
| BAI | Low (0–21) | 579 (89%) | 462 (98%) | 84 (81%) | 27 (53%) | 6 (22%) | 206 (100%) | 200 (94%) | 122 (82%) | 51 (60%) | 52 (98%) | 316 (96%) | 211 (78%) | |||
| Moderate (22–35) | 62 (9%) | 9 (2%) | 20 (19%) | 21 (41%) | 12 (44%) | 1 (0%) | 13 (6%) | 25 (17%) | 23 (27%) | 1 (2%) | 12 (4%) | 49 (18%) | ||||
| High (>36) | 12 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (6%) | 9 (33%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 11 (13%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1%) | 10 (4%) | ||||
| BDI | Minimal (0–13) | 479 (73%) | 191 (41%) | 166 (35%) | 86 (18%) | 28 (6%) | 49 (92%) | 297 (90%) | 125 (46%) | |||||||
| Low (14–19) | 104 (16%) | 15 (14%) | 33 (32%) | 38 (37%) | 18 (17%) | 3 (6%) | 26 (8%) | 75(28%) | ||||||||
| Moderate (20–28) | 51 (7%) | 1 (2%) | 11 (22%) | 17 (33%) | 22 (43%) | 1 (2%) | 5 (2%) | 45 (17%) | ||||||||
| High (29–63) | 27 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (11%) | 7 (26%) | 17 (63%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1%) | 25 (9%) | ||||||||
| IES | Minimal (0–8) | 207 (32%) | 24 (45%) | 140 (42%) | 43 (16%) | |||||||||||
| Low (9–25) | 213 (32%) | 17 (32%) | 122 (37%) | 74 (27%) | ||||||||||||
| Moderate (26–43) | 148 (23%) | 9 (17%) | 48 (15%) | 91 (34%) | ||||||||||||
| High (>44) | 85 (13%) | 3 (6%) | 20 (6%) | 62 (23%) | ||||||||||||
| GHQ | Low (0–14) | |||||||||||||||
| Moderate (15–19) | ||||||||||||||||
| High (20–36) | ||||||||||||||||
Only statistically significant differences (p <0.05) are shown; for all comparisons a p <0.001 was observed.
BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; IES, Impact of Event Scale; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; p, p-Value; Min, Minimal; Mod, Moderate.
Cut-off scores
BECK ANXIETY INVENTORY Low 0–21, Moderate 22–35, High ≥ 36.
BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY Minimal 0–13, Mild 14–19, Moderate 20–28, Severe 29–63.
IMPACT OF EVENT SCALE Subclinical 0–8, Mild 9–25, Moderate 26–43, Severe ≥ 44.
GENERAL HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE No problem 0–14, Some problems 15–19, Several problems 20–36.