Figure 2.

Comparisons between non-vectored and vectored immunotherapeutic strategies. (A) Most vaccines today function by delivering antigen in the form of live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens or antigen subunits. This induces polyclonal humoral and cellular responses and immunological memory that protect the host from infections. (B) In rapidly mutating pathogens that evade normal vaccine-induced immunity, protective mAbs may be directly delivered to the blood stream via passive infusion to mediate protective function. (C) Alternatively, genetic material may be delivered in LNPs or viral vectors, such as AdV or LV. This mediates de novo synthesis of the antigen in the natural conformation, or allows the modification of immune cells into stronger effector cells. (D) rAAV vectors deliver the genetic material of the encoded antigen or therapeutic molecule putatively to the nucleus, as persistent episomes for gene expression. This enables long-term expression of the antigen or therapeutic molecule in a native conformation and topology, and reduces the need for drug redosing. Created with BioRender.com.