Table 2.

Maternal immune activation and nutrients in animal models.

Nutrient	Inflammation	Findings	Reference
n-3 poly un-saturated fatty acid	Lipopoly-saccharide inflammation with high ratio of linolenic acid to α-linolenic acid to produce n-3 fatty acid deficiency	n-3 fatty acid deficiency exacerbated the inflammatory effect, with increased IL-6 levels in maternal plasma, placenta, and fetal brain and decreased Y-maze performance in offspring	Labrousse VF, Leyrolle Q, Amadieu C, Aubert A, Sere A, Coutureau E et al. Dietary omega-3 deficiency exacerbates inflammation and reveals spatial memory deficits in mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide during gestation. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:427–40. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.06.004.
n-3 poly un-saturated fatty acids	Poly I:C inflammation with n-3 fatty acids (0.40% vs.1.43%) and n6:n3 ratio (20.77%vs.5.71%).	Higher n-3 fatty acid diet inhibited the maternal IL-6 response to poly I:C. It also prevented the adverse social behavior response after poly I:C.	Weiser MJ, Mucha B, Denheyer H, Atkinson D, Schanz N, Vassiliou E et al. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid alleviates autistic-like behaviors resulting from maternal immune activation in mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2016; 106:27–37. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2015.10.005.
n-3 poly un-saturated fatty acids	Prenatal Poly I:C RNA inflammation with post weaning supplementation, standard n-6 versus enriched n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acid diet	Postnatal supplement attenuated I:C RNA decrease in global gene methylation, but not for GABA transaminase and guanine nucleoside binding protein in GABAB receptors	Basil P, Li Q, Gui H, Hui TCK, Ling VHM et al. Prenatal immune activation alters the adult neural epigenome but can be partly stabilised by an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet. Transl Psychiatry. 2018; 8(1):125. doi:10.1038/41398-018-0167-x.
Vitamin D	Poly I:C RNA inflammation, pretreatment with Vitamin D 1–25,OH-D 400 ng/kg	Vitamin D blocked inflammation decrease in social approach, abnormal digging, and tone conditioning. No effect of maternal or fetal proinflammatory cytokines.	Vuillermot S, Luan W, Meyer U, Darryl E. Vitamin D treatment during pregnancy prevents autism-related phenotypes in a mouse model of maternal immune activation. Mol Autism. 2017; 8:9. doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0125-0
Vitamin D	Lipopolysaccharide inflammation in vivo and in placenta ex vivo. Vitamin D tested ex vivo.	In placenta 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, suppressed lipopolysaccharide induced expression of IL-6 and the chemokine Ccl11. Increased IL-6 in Vitamin D Receptor VDR null mutant placentas.	Liu NQ, Kaplan AT, Lagishetty V, Ouyang YB, Ouyang Y, Simmons CF et al. Vitamin D and the regulation of placental inflammation. J Immunol. 2011; 186(10):5968–74. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1003332.
Folic acid	Lipopolysaccharide inflammation with folic acid 3 mg/kg 1 h before.	Folic acid diminished lipopolysaccharide decreased preterm delivery from 100% to 64%	Zhao M, Chen YH, Dong XT, Zhou J, Chen X, Wang H et al. Folic acid protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm delivery and intrauterine growth restriction through its anti-inflammatory effect in mice. PLoS One. 2013; 8(12):e82713. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082713.
Choline	Poly I:C RNA inflammation with choline 1.1 g versus 5 g diets	Choline supplement decreased RNA-stimulated increase in fetal brain IL-6, offspring anxiety-like behavior in open field, and repetitive marble burying. Chrna7 null mutation increased fetal brain Il6 response to RNA and offspring behavioral deficits.	Wu WL, Adams CE, Stevens KE, Chow KH, Freedman R, Patterson PH. The interaction between maternal immune activation and alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in regulating behaviors in the offspring. Brain BehavImmun. 2015; 46: 192–205. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.005.
Choline	Lipopolysaccharide inflammation with choline 1.1 g versus 5 g diets	Higher choline attenuated inflammatory cytokines, decreased placental α7nAChR, lowered NF-κB signaling in placenta mononuclear cells, and inhibited placental AKT phosphorylation.	Zhang M, Han X, Bao J, Yang J, Shi SQ, Garfield RE et al. Choline supplementation during pregnancy protects against gestational lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses. Reprod Sci. 2018; 25(1):74–85. doi:10.1177/1933719117702247.