Table 5.
Effects of phosphatidylcholine and choline supplements on plasma choline concentration in pregnant women.
| Supplement and gestational week initiated | Choline μM first post supplement concentration, mean ± std. deviation | % Predicted plasma concentration >7.5 μMa | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phosphatidylcholine 5400 mg at 18 weeks | 13.7 ± 4.2 | 93 | Fischer LM, da Costa KA, Galanko J, Sha W, Stephenson B, Vick J et al. Choline intake and genetic polymorphisms influence choline metabolite concentrations in human breast milk and plasma. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 92(2):336–46. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29459. |
| Phosphatidyl-choline 6300 mg at 17 weeks | 15.2 ± 8.1 | 83 | Ross RG, Hunter SK, Hoffman MC et al. Perinatal phosphatidylcholine supplementation and early childhood behavior problems: evidence for CHRNA7 moderation. Am J Psychiatry. 2016; 173:509–516. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15091188 |
| Choline bitartrate 2.5 g at 23 weeks | 10.7 ± 4.2 | 78 | Jacobson SW, Carter RC, Molteno CD, Meintjes EM, Senekal MS, Lindinger NM et al. Feasibility and acceptability of maternal choline supplementation in heavy drinking pregnant women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018; 42(7):1315–26. doi: 10.1111/acer.13768. |
| Choline chloride 550 mg at 27 weeks | 8.2 ± 1.2 | 72 | Yan J, Jiang X, West AA, Perry CA, Malysheva OV, Devapatla S et al. Maternal choline intake modulates maternal and fetal biomarkers of choline metabolism in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012; 95(5):1060–71. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.022772. |
| No supplement, 16 weeks concentration | 7.1 ± 1.9 | 42 | Wu BTF, Dyer RA, King DJJ, Richardson KJ, Innis SM. Early second trimester maternal plasma choline and betaine are related to measures of early cognitive development in term infants. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7:e43448. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043448. |
a
Estimated % is based on the assumption of a normal distribution.