Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studied including, number of participants, gender and mean age of participants, comorbidities, concurrent treatments, type of tasks and type of stimuli used.
| Study | Borderline personality disorder | Healthy controls | Task & stimuli | Type of stimuli | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | M/F | Age (SD) | Comorbidity | Medication | N | M/F | Age (SD) | |||
| Aguilar-Ortiz, 2019 | 67 | 3/64 | 31.54 (7.13) | ? | AD, MS, AP | 67 | 3/64 | 32.5 (9.68) | N-back task | Letters |
| Beblo, 2006 | 20 | 0/20 | 31.3 (8) | AvPD, Depr PD, PPD, P-APD, OCPD, DPD, PTSD, MDD, PD, PH, BN, OCD, DYS, GAD, HYP | SSRI, TAD, AP, b-block, BDZ, acamprosate | 21 | 0/21 | 32.6 (7.8) | Recall of unresolved and resolved negative events | Individual cue words |
| Beeney, 2016 | 17 | 0/17 | 35.51 (10.84) | Aff D, Anx D, PTSD, AAD, SFD, ED | AD, AP, MS, BDZ | 21 | 0/21 | 33.33 (9.81) | Personality trait evaluation | |
| Bertsch, 2019 | 15 | 15/0 | 27.9 (9.1) | Aff D, Anx D, PTSD, SAD, ED, APD, Sub D, SFD, | – | 25 | 0/25 | 29.8 (5.6) | Social approach-avoidance task | Ekman and Friesen, KDEF, A&R, JACFEE |
| Brown, 2017 | 14 | 0/14 | 23.6 (4.1) | MDD, ED, Anx D, PTSD | AD, MS | 17 | 0/17 | 23.2 (4.4) | Cyberball game | Virtual ball-tossing game |
| Buchheim, 2008 | 11 | 0/11 | 27.8 (6.7) | MDD, Anx D, PD, SFD, DD, PH, DA, AAD | AP, SSRI, Li | 17 | 0/17 | 28.4 (7.5) | AAP | AAP |
| Cullen, 2016 | 12 | 0/12 | 25.17 (4.67) | ? | AEP | 12 | 0/12 | 24.17 (4.63) | Passive viewing of overt and covert emotional faces | Ekman and Friesen |
| Doell et al., 2020 | 21 | 0/21 | 27.43 (5.22) | MDD, BP, Anx D, PTSD, SAD, PD, GAD, ADHD; ED | SSRI, SNRI, AP, BDZ | 24 | 0/24 | 24.71 (5.50) | Modified version of the monetary and social incentive delay task | KDEF |
| Domsalla, 2014 | 20 | 0/20 | 29.2 (7.5) | PTSD, PD, SAD, Spec P, OCD, BN, AN, Sub D, MDD, BP | – | 20 | 0/20 | 28.7 (7.8) | Cyberball game | Virtual ball-tossing game |
| Dudas, 2017 | 14 | 0/14 | 36,3 | ? | PD | 14 | 0/14 | 29,6 | Emotion induction task | IAPS |
| Fertuck, 2019 | 16 | 0/16 | 25.94 (5.47) | PD, Spec P, GAD, SAD, PPD, OCPD, DPD, AvPD, ED, Sub D, MDD | – | 17 | 0/17 | 23.71 (3.35) | Trustworthiness-Fear facial appraisal task | NimStim |
| Frick, 2012 | 21 | 0/21 | 27.14 (7.48) | PD, Spec P, GAD, PTSD, SAD, MDD, ED, PPD, STPD, OCPD, APD, NPD, P-APD, Sub D | – | 20 | 0/20 | 24.80 (5.23) | Reading the mind in the eye’s test (RMET) | Original pictures of eye gazes |
| Gottlich et al., 2020 | 19 | 0/19 | 26.5 (5.8) | MDD, SAD, PD, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, ED, other personality disorders | SSRI, SNRI, TAI, AP, AEP, methylphenidate | 22 | 0/22 | 26.4 (4.6) | Script-driven-imagery paradigm | Standardized scripts |
| Guitart-Masip, 2009 | 10 | 5/5 | 31.3 (9.47) | ? | – | 10 | 5/5 | 31.2 (9.05) | Emotional discrimination task | Ekman and Friesen series |
| Hazlett, 2012 | 33 | 13/20 | 31.6 (9.1) | ? | – | 32 | 12/20 | 32.8 (9.7) | Emotion recognition task | IAPS |
| Herbort, 2016 | 21 | 0/21 | 25.67 (5.98) | MDD, ED, AAD, DA, PTSD, SAD, AvPD, HPD | – | 23 | 0/23 | 25.78 (5.75) | Categorial monetary incentive delay | |
| Herpertz, 2001 | 6 | 0/6 | 26.2 (8.1) | ? | – | 6 | 0/6 | 27.2 (4.5) | Passive viewing of emotion-inducing pictures | IAPS |
| Herpertz, 2017 (female sample) | 33 | 0/33 | 26.19 | Aff D, Anx D, PTSD, SFD, ED, AjD, APD, AvPD, Sub D | 30 | 0/30 | 27.69 (6.38) | Script-driven-imagery paradigm | Standardized scripts | |
| Herpertz, 2017 (male sample) | 23 | 23/0 | 30.65 (8.75) | Aff D, Anx D, PTSD, ED, AjD, APD, AvPD, Sub D | 26 | 26/0 | 31.09 (6.65) | Script-driven-imagery paradigm | Standardized scripts | |
| Holtmann, 2013 | 16 | 0/16 | 25.56 (4.70) | PTSD, Sub D, PD, SAD, OCD, BN, AvPD, DPD, OCPD, HPD, MDD | – | 24 | 0/24 | 26.83 (5.35) | Modified Eriksen Flanker task (emotional/neutral distractors) | Neutral or fearful faces |
| Homan, 2017 | 18 | 7/11 | 36.2 (11.1) | ? | ? | 17 | 7/10 | 37.4 (12.4) | Social judgment task | Behavioral ad situational scenarios |
| King-Casas, 2008 | 55 | 4/51 | 32.9 (8.5) | ? | ? | 38 | 1/37 | 31.3 (9.5) | Economic exchange game | Money exchange |
| Koenigsberg, 2009 (a) | 18 | 10/8 | 32.6 (10.4) | GAD, PTSD, PPD, APD, NPD, DPD, HPD, OCPD, STPD, MDD, PD, ED | – | 16 | 9/7 | 31.8 (7.7) | Distance from or look emotion-inducing pictures | IAPS |
| Koenigsberg, 2009 (b) | 19 | 7/12 | 34.9 (11.1) | BD-II, PTSD, PPD, AvPD, APD, STPD, OCPD, HPD, NPD, MDD | 17 | 8/9 | 31.2 (10.6) | Passive viewing of emotion-inducing pictures | IAPS | |
| Koenigsberg, 2014 | 19 | 11/8 | 31.9 (9.9) | NPD, PPD, OCPD, APD, DPD, GAD, BED, DYS, OCD, Spec P, MDD, Sub D | – | 25 | 13/12 | 28.1 (6.9) | Rating of novel and repeated emotion-inducing pictures | IAPS and EPS |
| Krauch, 2018 (adolescents) | 20 | 0/20 | 16.35 (0.88) | Aff D, Anx D, PTSD, ED, Sub D | SSRI, Atypical AD | 20 | 0/20 | 15.85 (0.81) | Script-driven imagery paradigm | |
| Kraus, 2010 | 11 | 0/11 | 25.64 (3.83) | DYS, PD, AP, SAD, PTSD, Spec P, AvPD, PPD, BD-II, MDD, AN, BN, AAD, Sub D | – | 10 | 0/10 | 25.6 (5.23) | Script-driven imagery | Standard script describing self-injury behavior |
| Krause-Utz, 2017 (dissociation) | 17 | 0/17 | 27.41 (6.20) | PTSD, MDD, DYS, PD, SAD, Spec P, OCD, ED, AAD, SD, DA | 18 | 0/18 | 29.61 (8.61) | EWMT | Uppercase letters and IAPS as distractors | |
| Krause-Utz, 2017 (neutral) | 12 | 0/12 | 25.17 (6.21) | PTSD, MDD, DYS, PD, SAD, Spec P, OCD, ED, AAD, SD, DA | – | 18 | 0/18 | 29.61 (8.61) | EWMT | |
| Lamers, 2019 | 20 | 0/20 | 25.95 (6.94) | PTSD, PTSD and SAD, SAD, SAD and AP, Spec P, OCD, BN | AD, AP | 20 | 0/20 | 26.90 (9.43) | Passive viewing of emotion-inducing stimuli | Movie clips of faces |
| Lang, 2012 | 14 | 0/14 | 27.21 (7.66) | PD, PH, GAD, SAD, DA, AAD, MDD, ED, PPD, STPD, SzPD, OCPD, APD, NPD | – | 15 | 0/14 | 24.73 (5.64) | Up- and down-regulation to negative scripts | |
| Malejko, 2018 (a) | 15 | 0/15 | 23.33 (1.07) | MDD, PTSD, DYS | AD (SSRI, SNRI, MAOIs) | 15 | 0/15 | 23.27 (1.11) | Somatosensory unpleasant stimulation | Electrical |
| Malejko, 2018 (b) | 15 | 0/15 | 23.3 (4.13) | PTSD, DYS, PTSD | AD (SSRI, SNRI, MAOIs) | 17 | 0/17 | 23.1 (4.26) | Cyberball paradigm | Virtual ball-tossing game |
| Mensebach, 2009 | 18 | 0/18 | 31.94 (8.13) | PTSD, MDD, DYS, PD, AP, OCD, AP with PD, PH, BN, SD | SSRI, TAD, AP, b-block, BDZ, acamprosate | 18 | 0/18 | 32.94 (8.33) | EMR/SMR | Words |
| Mier, 2013 | 13 | 9/4 | 28.15 (7.06) | MDD, Sub D, GAD, PTSD, AjD, MDCE | AD, AP, MS, BDZ | 13 | 8/5 | 30.46 (4.29) | Neutral face processing, Emotion recognition, Affective ToM | Emotional facial expression |
| Minzenberg, 2007 | 12 | 5/7 | 30.3 (8) | OCD, PTSD, PD, PPD, STPD, APD, NPD, HPD, AvPD | – | 12 | 6/6 | 30.7 (10) | Gender discrimination | Ekman and Friesen set (modified) |
| Mortensen, 2016 | 14 | 0/14 | 30.1 (6.7) | – | – | 14 | 0/14 | 28.3 (7.4) | Posner task | |
| Nicol, 2015 | 20 | 17/3 | 35.8 (8.6) | MDD, BP, ED, PTSD, OCD | AD, AP | 16 | 14/2 | 34.8 (9.6) | Gender recognition task | Ekman series of emotional faces |
| Niedtfeld, 2010 | 20 | 0/20 | 30.50 (8.30) | ? | – | 23 | 0/23 | 27.13 (8.26) | Picture and temperature stimulus presentation | IAPS and warm stimulus |
| Peters, 2018 | 13 | 0/13 | 21.23 (3.30) | ? | SSRI | 16 | 0/16 | 21.81 (4.02) | Provocation task, Directed rumination task | |
| Scherpiet, 2014 | 18 | 0/18 | 28.44 (8.50) | Sub D, ED, MDD, ADHD, PTSD | AD, AP, MS, BDZ, zolpidem | 18 | 0/18 | 28.89 (7.11) | Emotional anticipation task | IAPS |
| Scherpiet, 2015 | 19 | 0/19 | 31.11 (6.29) | MDD, MDD with Sub D, ADHD, ADHD with Sub D, Sub D, PTSD, ED | AD, AP, MS, BDZ, pramipexole | 19 | 0/19 | 29.37 (4.48) | Mindful introspection, Cognitive self-reflection | |
| Schmahl, 2006 | 12 | 0/12 | 28.67 (5.88) | MDD, DYS, PD, PD with AP, AP, PTSD, SAD, BDD, AN, OCD, SzPD, PPD, OCPD, AvPD, DA, Sub D | – | 12 | 0/12 | 27.67 (6.83) | Heat stimulation | Fixed temperature and individual temperature stimuli |
| Schnell, 2007 (a) | 6 | 0/6 | 23.7 (4.8) | BN, DYS | – | 6 | 0/6 | 23.4 (5.0) | Passive viewing of emotion-inducing pictures | IAPS and similar photographic images |
| Schnell, 2007 (b) | 14 | 0/14 | 28 (5.77) | ED, PG, PTSD, ADD | – | 14 | 0/14 | 28. 4 (5.21) | Passive viewing of emotion-inducing pictures | TAT and IAPS as control stimuli |
| Schulze, 2011 | 15 | 0/15 | 27.60 (7.85) | PTSD, OCD, PD with AP, AP, BN, DD, DYS, AAD, Sub D | – | 15 | 0/15 | 24.53 (2.85) | Delayed reappraisal paradigm | IAPS and supplementary similar pictures |
| Silbersweig, 2007 | 16 | 15/1 | 31.25 (range 19-50) | PD, SAD, Spec P, PTSD, OCD, GAD, SD, AAD, DA | AD, AP, MS, BDZ | 14 | 10/4 | 23.8 (18-31) | Emotional linguistic go/no-go task | Negative, positive and neutral words |
| Sosic-Vasic, 2019 | 20 | 0/20 | 24.9 (5.26) | MDD, DYS, PD, AP, SAD, GAD, PTSD, BN | AD (SSRI, SNRI, NaSSA, TAD) | 20 | 0/20 | 26.05 (5.96) | Passive viewing of emotion-inducing stimuli | Stylized scenes showing reaction to loss |
| van Schie, 2019 | 26 | 0/26 | 30.46 (9.2) | MDD, DYS, PD, AP, SAD, Spec P, GAD, PTSD, ADHD, AAD, D, APD, PPD | AD (SSRI, SNRI) | 32 | 0/32 | 28.12 (9.8) | Social feedback task | Evaluative words |
| van Zutphen, 2017 | 55 | 0/55 | 30.80 (8.78) | MDD, DYS, BP, GAD, PD, AP, PD with AP, SAD, Spec P, OCD, PTSD, SFD, ED, Sub D, IED, AvPD, DPD, OCPD, P-APD, Depr PD, PPD, STPD, SzPD | AD, AP, MS, BDZ | 42 | 0/42 | 28.33 (10.50) | Emotion regulation paradigm | IAPS and erotic pictures |
| van Zutphen, 2019 | 53 | 0/53 | 31.02 (8.77) | MDD, DYS, BP, GAD, PD, AP, PD with AP, SAD, Spec P, OCD, PTSD, SFD, ED, Sub D, IED, AvPD, DPD, OCPD, P-APD, Depr PD, PPD, STPD, SzPD | AD, AP, MS, BDZ | 34 | 0/34 | 29.44 (11.31) | Affective go/no-go task | IAPS and erotic picture |
| Wingenfeld, 2009 | 20 | 14/6 | 29.75 (13.2) | PTSD, MDD, DYS, BN, GAD, SPD | SSRI, MAOIs, AP | 20 | 14/6 | 29.45 (12.4) | Individual emotional Stroop task | General words and individual negative words from individual report |
| Winter, 2015 (neutral) | 19 | 0/19 | 28.05 (7.82) | MDD, DYS, PD, SAD, Spec P, OCD, PTSD | 19 | 0/19 | 28.74 (8.07) | Emotional stroop task | Aachener emotional word list | |
| Wrege, 2019 | 39 | 30/9 | 27.5 (8.2) | Depr PD, Anx D, SD, ED, SFD, PTSD | AD, MS, AP | 29 | 25/4 | 25.7 (6.0) | Cyberball paradigm | Virtual ball-tossing game |
Comorbidity? comorbidity was not declared, – comorbidity was an exclusion criteria, AAD alchool abuse disorder, ADD attention deficit disorder, ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Aff D affective disorder, AjD adjustment disorder, AN anorexia nervosa, Anx D anxiety disorder, AP agoraphobia, APD antisocial personality disorder, AvPD avoidant personality disorder, BD bipolar disorder, BDD body dysmorphic disorder, BED binge eating disorder, BN bulimia nervosa, DA drug abuse, DD dissociative disorder, Depr PD depressive personality disorder, DPD dependent personality disorder, DYS dyshymia, ED eating disorder, GAD generalized anxiety disorder, HPD histrionic personality disorder, HYP hypochondria, IED intermitted explosive disorder, MDCE mixed disorder of conduct and emotion, MDD major depressive disorder, NPD narcisistic personality disorder, OCD obsessive compulsive disorder, OCPD obsessive compulsive personality disorder, P-APD passive-aggressive personality disorder, PD panic disorder, PG pathological gambling, PH phobia, PPD paranoid personality disorder, PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder, SAD social anxiety disorder, SD somatization disorder, SFD somatoform disorder, Spec P specific phobia, SPD somatization pain disorder, STPD schizotypal personality disorder, Sub D substance use disorder, SzPD schizoid personality disorder, Medication? the medication status of the subjects was not described, – ongoing medication was an exclusion criteria, AD antidepressants, AEP anti-epileptic drugs, AP antipsychotics, Atypical AD atypical antidepressants, b-block beta blockers, BDZ benzodiazepines, Li lithium, MAOIs monoamine oxidase inhibitors, MS mood stabilizers, NaSSA noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants, PD psychotropic drugs, SNRI serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, SSRI serotonin reuptake inhibitors, TAD tryciclic antidepressant, Task & stimuli type of stimuli, AAP the adult attachment projective, A&R the AR face database, Martinez and Benavente (1998), Affective ToM affective theory of mind, EMR/SMR episodic and semantic memory retrieval task, EPS empathy picture system, EWMT emotional working memory task, IAPS international affective picture system, JCFEE Matsumoto and Ekman’s Japanese and Caucasian facial expressions of emotion, KDEF The Karolinska directed emotional faces, Lundqvist et al. (1998), NimStim NimStim face database, Tottenham et al. (2009), TAT thematic apperception test.