Fig. 2. Phylogeny and random slope results.

a Phylogenetic relationships among the 15 species included in this study, shaded by the species’ mean offspring survival (red = lower mean survival relative to other species in dataset, blue = higher mean survival). No evidence of phylogenetic signal was detected using this tree. b Heatmap of random slope estimates (i.e. magnitude of species-level effects of predictors on survival) for each parameter across the 15 species (f = inbreeding coefficient, pink = positive relationship between parameter and offspring survival, blue = negative relationship). Note that no random slopes could be estimated for sire age at breeding. The vertical black line separates the model with all offspring from the model with G₂₊ offspring (no wild-born parents) only. c Dendrogram of species clustered based on similar random slope values, not phylogenetic relationships.