Scheme 1.

Schematic of modulation of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs on FMSs via regulating ROS-dependent and/or ROS-independent (FoxO1) signaling. The cell were seeded on FMSs, and the fullerol nanocrystals split from FMSs, on the one hand, can quench both the extracellular and intracellular ROS, thus to regulate the ROS-dependent signaling (e.g. Hedgehog signaling and β-catenin/Wnt signaling), and on the other hand, can directly enter cell to regulate the ROS-independent (FoxO1/SOD2) signaling.