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. 2021 May 25;21:278. doi: 10.1186/s12935-021-01986-w

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

EBV co-infectious agents. H. pylori-EBV co-infection not only enhances the inflammatory process but also promotes immune evasion, EMT and bacterial growth and inhibits apoptosis. HPV–EBV co-infection inhibits EBV lytic replication and shifts EBV towards the latent phase. KSHV–EBV co-infection aggravates tumourigenesis by mutually reinforcing the persistence of each latent genome and altering cell proliferation