TABLE 1.

Demographic and treatment data for the training and validation datasets.

		Training set (n = 60)	Validation set (n = 8)	p-Value
Type of epilepsy, n (%)	TLE	14 (23)	3 (38)	0.605
	Extra-TLE	43 (72)	5 (63)
	IGE	3 (5)	0 (0)
Gender, n (%)	Females	34 (57)	3 (38)	0.454
	Males	26 (43)	5 (63)
Age (years) at epilepsy onset (median, min–max)		9 (1–51)	16 (7–60)	0.024
Age (years) at VNS implantation (median, min–max)		33 (15–65)	34 (22–71)	0.947
Duration (years) of epilepsy before VNS implantation (median, min–max)		22 (4–60)	16 (2–30)	0.116
Duration (years) of VNS treatment (median, min–max)		6 (3–11)	4 (3–5)	0.001
Treatment at the time of VNS implantation, n (%)	BRV	2 (3)	0 (0)	1.000
	CBZ	32 (53)	3 (38)	0.471
	CLB	1 (2)	0 (0)	1.000
	CLZ	13 (22)	3 (38)	0.380
	ESL	3 (5)	1 (13)	0.401
	GBP	1 (2)	1 (13)	0.223
	LCM	6 (10)	2 (25)	0.236
	LEV	36 (60)	0 (0)	0.001
	LTG	27 (45)	3 (38)	1.000
	PGB	5 (8)	1 (13)	0.543
	PHE	1 (2)	0 (0)	1.000
	PHT	4 (7)	1 (13)	0.476
	PRM	3 (5)	0 (0)	1.000
	TPM	13 (22)	1 (13)	1.000
	VPA	14 (23)	5 (63)	0.034
	ZNS	8 (13)	3 (38)	0.113
Number of AEDs used at the time of VNS implantation, n (%)	1	4 (7)	0 (0)	0.468
	2	17 (28)	3 (38)
	3	26 (43)	3 (38)
	4	12 (20)	1 (13)
	5	1 (2)	1 (13)

AEDs, antiepileptic drugs; BRV, brivaracetam; CBZ, carbamazepine; CLB, clobazam; CLZ, clonazepam; ESL, eslicarbazepine; Extra-TLE, extratemporal lobe epilepsy; GBP, gabapentin; IGE, idiopathic generalized epilepsy; LCM, lacosamide; LEV, levetiracetam; LTG, lamotrigine; n, number of patients; PGB, pregabalin; PHE, phenobarbital; PHT, phenytoin; PRM, primidone; TLE, temporal lobe epilepsy; TPM, topiramate; VNS, vagal nerve stimulation; VPA, valproic acid; ZNS, zonisamide.