Table 2.

Epidemiological Data for Zoonotic Diseases in Nigeria from Literature search.

S/N	Disease/Condition	Prevalence in Nigeria		Prevalence/Incidence in other African Countries		Estimated impact or burden, Socio-economic and non-monetary losses
		Humans	Animals	Humans	Animals	CFR in humans	Production losses in animals
							Intervention costs
1	Candidiasis	7% (82%) is due to vaginitis and Tinea capitis	6.30%	56.3% in Nigeria	51.2% in Cameroon	30–50%	€10,530 and €51,033, depending on the certainty of infection and the duration of follow-up
		42.3% in pregnant women		72.3% in Iran		38–75%
2	Staphylococcus infection	21–30%	18–34%	21–30% in Nigeria, Cameroon	81.8% in Cameroon	20–40%	$35,300 per patient for community acquired infections
		28–40%	28–40%	10% in Malta, Tunisia and Algeria	7.9% in Cote d'Ivoire		$28,800 per patient for nosocomial infections
				41% in Cape Verde	18–41.2% in Egypt
					10% in Ethiopia
3	Vibrio infection	0.7–1.1%	Nil			0.0–11.7%	$39–64.2 m (2005)
		Incidence rate = 4 per 1000				Over 30% in vulnerable groups living in high risk areas	$91.9-156 m (2006)
							$60–72.7 m (2007)
							62% of total cholera cases and 56.7% deaths in Africa alone in 2007
4	West Nile fever	4.50%	18%	25% in Northeast Nigeria	90.3% in Nigeria	3–15%	$778 m (1999–2012) approx. $56 m per year
					97% in Chad
					92% in Senegal
5	Scabies	8.0–18.5%	0.09% in goats and cattle −12.77% in cheetah	2.9% in Nigeria	2–3.4% in dogs in Nigeria		>1.5million YLDS (Years Lived With Disability)
6	Psittacosis
7	Rocky Mountain spotted fever	15.80%	1% in cattle to 43% in goats	67.9% in Tanzania		0.3–2.2%	$13.2 m from 2002 to 2011
						1.40%
				1.7 to 7 cases per million persons from 2000 to 2007 in the US
8	Glanders				3.8% in Ethiopia
9	Trichinosis			2.2% in the US	2.1% in Uganda	2%	European Union spent $572 million in 1997
					11–40% in Nigeria		76 per billion persons per year(DALY) globally
10	Streptococcal infection	51–60% in under fives	12%	30.7% in Nigeria		29–45%	$224 to $539 million per year.
11	Tuberculosis	2.4–3%	8.50%	17.5% in Ethiopia 10.5% in Tanzania	8% in Zaire (DRC)	9.7–17%	$5b (2012) Globally, $1.8 (2008–2012) in Benue state, Nigeria.
		0.5–12.3%	8.8–15.1%				1.5 million deaths globally (2010)
							10,000 human deaths in Africa(2015)
12	Brucellosis	5.2–7.8%	5.3–8.6%	3.8% in Chad	5–45% in Kenya	0.8–2%	$ 575,605 (2016) in Nigeria
		24.10%		41% in Togo	4.9–9.6% Cameroon		$ 7.3(2015) in Sudan
							298 Deaths in the US (1977)
13	Ebola	2%	*Not documented in published literatures	0.074% in Liberia	31.8% in Gabon	25–90%	$ 219 (2014–2017) in Sierra Leon
				0.032% in Sierra Leone			$ 1.4b in Nigeria (2014)
							5000 Gorilla deaths in Gabon (2003)
							9162 (2014–2015) human deaths in West Africa
14	Avian Influenza	18.90%	18.1–27.3%	17.5–40% in Senegal	16–88% in Egypt	14–33%	$ 700 m(2006) in Nigeria
			35.3–93.4%	29% in Cameroon			222,796 bird deaths in Nigeria (2006)
							161 (2003−2013)human deaths in Indonesia
15	Cryptosporidiosis	21–30.5%	16.6–28.1%	3.5–22.3% in Chad	18.9–50.6% in Ghana	7.8–10.3%	$46 m hospitalization cost in USA
		11.7–28%	14.1–25.4%	1.5–14.4% in Cameroon			1.58 m Euros in Netherlands
							69 (1993)human deaths in Milwaukee
							12,400 (2010) human cases in Sweden
16	Leishmaniasis	6.80%	3.03–4.40%	12.2–32.3% in Ghana	2.7% in Mali	8.8–17.7%	$1.2 m in Afghanistan
		1.1–2.6%		7.5–38.3% in Cameroon	5.9–11.7% in Algeria		12,491,280 (2000−2011) human deaths in Brazil
							582 (2006) human deaths in India
17	Echinococcosis	5.10%	12.45%	5–10% in Argentina	9.3–56% in Ethiopia	0.50%	$2billion in Developing countries
			11.4–26.5%		0.3–25% in Haiti		$459,659.6 (2008) in Iran
							1200 (2000−2010) human deaths globally
18	Plague	7.80%	0.10%	50–80% in London	17.9 in Peru	8.1–66.6%	52 (1994) deaths in India
					0.5% in Tanzania	1.2–5.0%	60million deaths in China in the 14th century
19	Tularemia	*Not documented in published literatures	*Not documented in published literatures	2.22–7.46% in Turkey	1.3–16% in the US	3–35%	$12.6 (1993) billion following bioterrorist attack in the US
							441 (1995–2005) human cases in Sweden
							5(2004) animal deaths in Germany
		3.70%		2.2–13.5% in Turkey		30% if untreated	$3.9–5.5 billion per 100,000 people exposed
20	Cat Scratch Fever	*Not documented in Published literatures	10–45.5%	0.77–28% in the US	13–60% in Kenya	3–40% in Italy	$3.5 m (2000) in the US
			26–28%	6% in Turkey	49.5% in the US		500 hospitalized humans in the US
21	Rabies	505 cases (1912–1978)	24 of 41 (1980–1982)	1.3% in Malawi	1.4 per 1000 in Chad	100%	$46 per DALYs averted
		6 of 149 (4%) (2004–2013)
			44.90%	12.6 cases per million in Ethiopia	412.83 cases in Ethiopia		55,000 human death per year in Africa and Asia
		169 cases (1969–1978)	44 cases (1987–2001)	1.8 cases per million in Ghana
		2 of 81 (3.3%) (2000–2010)					$583.5 million intervention costs / year in Africa & Asia
			1.58%	2.3 cases per 100,000 in Ethiopia
		2.8%7	7.89%9; 7.98%				Average economic loss of $49–52 in Ethiopia
			16.7%10
22	Lassa fever	623(3.4 cases/million)	5.80%	26% in Ivory Coast	19.4% in Mali	37.9% - 50.0%	Affects 100,000 to 500,000 persons/year in West Africa
		12%		8–52% in Sierra Leone			> 50% CFR
		0.44–42%			0–80% in Sierra Leone	31%
23	Yellow fever	20%	7–64%	0% in Africa in 2015	13% in Congo Basin	81%	200,000 cases per year in South America and Africa
				661–884 lab confirmed cases in Angola in 2016			52% CFR in Western Nigeria
		3–26%	10%	37 cases in DRC		20–50%
		37–67%		2 cases in Kenya		13–22%
				6% in Kenya
24	Western equine encephalitis	No lit available	No lit available	No lit available	No lit available
25	Streptotrichosis	No Lit available.	3.11%	5.3% in India	13.55% in Bangladesh	N/A	Economic loss of over N40,000 per cattle ($103 @ N390/1$)
			3.2–8%
					5.5% in India
					13.6% in Iran
					5.8–9.6% in Egypt
					8.3% in Southern Ethiopia
26	Clostridial disease	14–43% among HIV	26.60%	6.7% in India	22.5–36% in India	4.7–13.8%	€1,222,376 attributable cost in outbreak setting in the Netherlands
				9.2%in South Africa	4.0–4.5% in Egypt	1.2–2.2%	$3.2 billion Annual management cost in US
					15.6–58.4% in Egypt
27	Shigellosis	20.70%	10.60%	2.3%, 13.3%, 6.9% in Ethiopia	6% in Uganda	9.80%	163.2 million episode in developing countries with 1.1 million death annually
							4218 cases in Sierra Leone
		15.50%	22.50%		7.4% in Ethiopia	0–2.73%
				24%; 408/100,000 person years of observation in Kenya	20.8 in Kenya
		34%				2.1–6.1%
28	Toxoplasmosis	24%	13.9%,29.1%	75.7%, 94.4% in Ethiopia	55.18–58.18% in Ethiopia	Indeterminate	26 cases of cerebral toxoplasmosis in Dakar Cameroon
		27.4% - 40.8%	40.40%	5.87% in Zambia	79.0% in Kenya		2.6% ocular toxoplasmosis in Ghana
		32.4–38.7%		19.6–88.7% in Cameroon	8.33% in Ethiopia		29% Maternal-fetal transmission rate
			14%	10–20% in Egypt	29% in Burkina Faso
			4.6–6.7%
29	Rat bite fever	No lit available	No lit available	No lit available	No lit available	10%	No lit avaiable
30	Newcastle disease	No available Lit.	17%	No available Lit.	28.3–34.5% in Cameroon	No available Lit.	40 cases of conjunctivitis of 90 poultry workers
			25–35.7%96		43.8–54.4% in Senegal
31	Hantavirus	No available Lit.	No available Lit.	1.2–4.4% in Guinea	0.24% in Sierra Leone	40%	200,000 cases estimated per year
				1% in Southern Africa	0.16% in Guinea		No treatment available
				2.4 & 3.9% in DR Congo & Côte d'Ivoire104		57.50%
32	African trypanosomiasis	No data	Cattle (Jos) 46.8%	No data	40.90%	4.30%	costs Africa US$5 billion a year and Africa spends every year at least $30 million to control cattle trypanosomiasis Direct losses due to Trypanosomiasis are estimated to between US$ 1–1.2 billion each year.
33	Aspergillosis	36.94% -51.25%	47.87% in apparently healthy birds	No data	No data	58%	No data
34	Anthrax	No data	No data	No data	90% Serengeti lions, 87% hyena Tanzania	50%	No data
35	Leptospirosis	13.5% Enugu	27.2% horses	Uganda 35%	No data	1–5%	No data
			3.5% abattoir cattle Kaduna
36	Visceral larva migrans	No data	33.8% dogs in Nigeria	7.70%	No data	Most cases of visceral larva migrans are subclinical, Fatalities are rare but have occurred in cases with severe pneumonia, cardiac involvement or neurological disease12	Puppies can die occasionally from the effects of larval migration (especially pneumonia) and rarely from intestinal complications.
							In dogs, maternal transmission is very efficient
37	Cutaneous larvae migrans	No data	No data	No data	No data	No data	No data
38	Dermatophytosis	5% primary school children Kwara state	39.8% domesticated animals	23.4% children in Ethiopia	No data	No data	No data
			17.6% Horses Kaduna state	11.2% children in Nairobi
39	Pasteurellosis	No data	No data	No data	Sheep 37.1%, goats 21.9%	No data	No data
					Bovine 97% ovine 86% in Ethiopia
					2.85% camels in Cairo
40	Diphyllobothriosis	No data	32.1% Ekiti	No data	7.1% dogs in Ghana	No data	No data
41	Clonorchis	No data	No data	No data	No data	No data	No data
42	Salmonellosis	5.70%	43.6% (95%CI [39.7–48.3%])	8.72%, 5.68%, and 1.08% in children, adults, and carriers respectively (Ethiopia)	44·0% in Ghana	1.03%/10 years	Salmonella-contaminated meats and poultry, was estimated to cost Americans around one billion dollars in 1987
43	Escherichia coli O157	5.00%	Cattle- 49.4%	7.5%- South Africa	44–50% in pigs (S/Africa)	case-fatality rate ranging from 3 to 5%	The annual cost of illness due to O157 STEC was $405 million (in 2003 dollars)
			Sheep-6.3%		5.4–20% in cattle
			Goats- 2.5%
44	Rift valley fever	6.7–31.2%	3.3–18.7%	29.3% in Tanzania	7.67% in Burkina Faso	14%- 30%	$250 m (1998), $540 m (2007- combined for East Africa) livestock trade losses.
					16.8% in Saudi Arabia		600 deaths in Egypt in 1977
							608 human deaths in 1997& 2007
45	Swine influenza	Humans are not susceptible	9% of serum samples and 48% of tissue samples	Humans are not susceptible	52.96%(ELISA); 11.5% (PCR)	Humans are not susceptible	potential to cause losses of up to
							US$910836.70 in a single year
46	Dengue	30.8% (among febrile children)	48% of monkeys and 25% of galagos	17.8% in Somalia	Largely unknown due to sparse data	2–5% (treated)	$0.85 billion and $1.15 billion, of which control cost constitute 42%–59%. (Singapore)
		17.2% (among healthy children)				50% (untreated)
47	Fascioliasis		Cattle (27.68%)	7.3% in the Nile delta, Egypt	37% in Sudan, 45% in Cameroon	Rarely kills in humans	The cost due to condemnation of goat-livers has been estimated to be US$ 115 per thousand livers
48	Cysticercosis/ Taeniasis	8.60%	porcine cysticercosis (20.5%)	45.3% in Tanzania	24.6 and 32.2% for Ag-ELISA and Ab-ELISA, respectively (Cameroon)		£4.0 million annually (England)
49	Abattoir fever	44% (Sokoto)	Total prevalence rate herd prevalence rates (14.5%) and (57.1%)	16% in Egypt	13% of cattle, 23% of goats, 33% of sheep, 0% of buffalo (Cairo, Egypt)	vary between 5 and 50%	The total intervention cost in agriculture amounted approximately 35,000 Euro per DALY occurred (controlling the Q fever epidemic in 2007–2011 in the Netherlands)
50	Listeriosis	(23.3%) of HIV/AIDS patients	91.8% (poultry)			20%
51	Campylobacteriosis	8.30%	20%	15.4% in Ethiopia	43.6% domestic fowls, goats (33.3%) and sheep (23%)	<0.01% to 8.8%	€10.9 million annually
52	Giardiasis	33.20%	27.68%	5.8% in Ghana