Table 1.

Characteristics of study population and their association with DSPD

Variables	Study (n=253)	Prevalence of DSPD (PAID Score ≥40)		Univariate
		n (%)	95% CI	OR (95% CI)	P
Age (years)
25-44	30 (11.9)	13 (43.3)	25.5-62.6	2.95 (1.16-7.48)	0.023
45-64	155 (61.3)	56 (36.1)	28.6-44.2	2.18 (1.11-4.28)	0.023
≥65	68 (26.9)	14 (20.6)	11.7-32.1	1.00
Gender
Male	157 (62.1)	51 (32.5)	25.2-40.4	1.00
Female	96 (37.9)	32 (33.3)	24.0-43.7	1.04 (0.61-1.78)	0.889
Residence
Rural	91 (36)	31 (34.1)	24.4-44.7	1.00
Urban	162 (64)	52 (32.1)	24.9-39.9	0.91 (0.53-1.58)	0.749
Education
Illiterate	24 (9.5)	10 (41.7)	22.1-63.4	1.61 (0.64-4.09)	0.313
Primary	60 (23.7)	19 (31.7)	20.3-44.9	1.05 (0.52-2.13)	0.899
Secondary	81 (32)	27 (33.3)	23.2-44.7	1.13 (0.59-2.16)	0.712
College	88 (34.8)	27 (30.7)	21.3-41.4	1.00
Marital Status
Unmarried	13 (5.1)	5 (38.5)	13.9-68.4	1.00
Married	223 (88.1)	71 (31.8)	25.8-38.4	0.75 (0.24-2.36)	0.620
Separated	17 (6.7)	7 (41.2)	18.4-67.1	1.12 (0.25-4.91)	0.880
Smoking
Non-smoker	182 (71.9)	62 (34.1)	27.2-41.4	1.00
Smoker	29 (11.5)	8 (27.6)	12.7-47.2	0.74 (0.31-1.76)	0.492
Ex-Smoker	42 (16.6)	13 (30.9)	17.6-47.1	0.87 (0.42-1.79)	0.700
Alcohol
No	220 (87)	69 (31.4)	25.3-37.9	1.00
Yes	33 (13)	14 (42.4)	25.5-60.8	1.61 (0.76-3.40)	0.210
Employment
Employed	106 (41.9)	38 (35.9)	26.8-45.7	1.00
Unemployed	147 (58.1)	45 (30.6)	23.3-38.7	0.79 (0.46-1.34)	0.382
Duration of diabetes
<1 year	17 (6.7)	4 (23.5)	06.8-49.9	1.00
1-2 years	22 (8.7)	7 (31.8)	13.9-54.9	1.52 (0.56-6.37)	0.570
2-5 years	36 (14.2)	15 (41.7)	25.5-59.2	2.32 (0.63-8.53)	0.205
5-10 years	51 (20.2)	17 (33.3)	20.8-47.9	1.63 (0.46-5.75)	0.451
>10 years	127 (50.2)	40 (31.5)	23.5-40.3	1.49 (0.46-4.87)	0.505
BMI (mean, SD)	27.6 (4.4)	28.3 (4.5)	27.1-28.1	1.05 (0.99-1.12)	0.081