Table 2.
Characteristics of the study sample
| CMD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Absent | Present | p | |
| 2117 | 1667 | 450 | ||
| Sociodemographic variables | ||||
| Age, mean (s.d.) | 62.32 (8.41) | 63.08 (8.57) | 59.54 (7.17) | <0.001 |
| >60 years old, n (%) | 1210 (57.2) | 1011 (60.6) | 199 (44.2) | <0.001 |
| Educational level, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Below High School | 23 (1.1) | 16 (1.0) | 7 (1.6) | |
| High School | 49 (2.3) | 36 (2.2) | 13 (2.9) | |
| Incomplete College | 788 (37.2) | 578 (34.7) | 210 (46.7) | |
| College degree | 1257 (59.4) | 1037 (62.2) | 220 (48.9) | |
| Self-reported ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Black | 224 (10.7) | 153 (9.3) | 71 (16.0) | |
| Mixed (brown) | 361 (17.3) | 260 (15.8) | 101 (22.7) | |
| White | 1394 (66.7) | 1137 (69.1) | 257 (57.8) | |
| Yellow | 102 (4.9) | 89 (5.4) | 13 (2.9) | |
| Indigenous | 9 (0.4) | 6 (0.4) | 3 (0.7) | |
| Non-white ethnicity, n (%) | 696 (33.3) | 508 (30.9) | 188 (42.2) | <0.001 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 1233 (58.2) | 916 (54.9) | 317 (70.4) | <0.001 |
| Distress related variables | ||||
| Self-reported distress level, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Low (first quartile) | 514 (26.5) | 463 (30.2) | 51 (12.5) | |
| Medium (second quartile) | 534 (27.5) | 443 (28.9) | 91 (22.3) | |
| High (third quartile) | 416 (21.5) | 325 (21.2) | 91 (22.3) | |
| Very high (fourth quartile) | 475 (24.5) | 300 (19.6) | 175 (42.9) | |
| Stress relieving practices, n (%) | 0.403 | |||
| None | 163 (7.7) | 123 (7.4) | 40 (8.9) | |
| Sporadic | 1131 (53.5) | 886 (53.2) | 245 (54.4) | |
| Frequent | 821 (38.8) | 656 (39.4) | 165 (36.7) | |
| Concerns about income, n (%) | 1210 (62.1) | 894 (58.1) | 316 (77.6) | <0.001 |
| Increased domestic chores, n (%) | 1145 (58.3) | 897 (57.7) | 248 (60.3) | 0.368 |
| Loneliness related variables | ||||
| Living with child in school age, n (%) | 371 (19.1) | 276 (17.9) | 95 (23.4) | 0.016 |
| Living with >60 years old, n (%) | 704 (33.3) | 570 (34.2) | 134 (29.8) | 0.088 |
| Married, n (%) | 1270 (63.9) | 1034 (65.8) | 236 (57.0) | 0.001 |
| Relationship quality, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Worsened | 458 (23.4) | 325 (21.0) | 133 (32.4) | |
| Maintained | 964 (49.2) | 794 (51.3) | 170 (41.4) | |
| Improved | 537 (27.4) | 429 (27.7) | 108 (26.3) | |
| Living alone, n (%) | 334 (16.8) | 266 (16.9) | 68 (16.4) | 0.868 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Previous mental disorders, n (%) | 551 (26.0) | 330 (19.8) | 221 (49.1) | <0.001 |
| Good physical health, n (%) | 677 (34.2) | 600 (38.3) | 77 (18.6) | <0.001 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 582 (27.5) | 430 (25.8) | 152 (33.8) | 0.001 |
| Chronic diseases, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
| None | 1102 (52.1) | 897 (53.8) | 205 (45.6) | |
| One | 672 (31.7) | 521 (31.3) | 151 (33.6) | |
| More than one | 343 (16.2) | 249 (14.9) | 94 (20.9) | |
| Active tobacco smoker, n (%) | 176 (8.9) | 123 (7.9) | 53 (12.8) | 0.002 |
| Alcohol abuse, n (%) | 251 (11.9) | 206 (12.4) | 45 (10.0) | 0.197 |
| Behaviors related to COVID-19 | ||||
| Obedience to quarantine, n (%) | 1595 (81.3) | 1249 (80.5) | 346 (84.2) | 0.105 |
| Adopting adequate preventive measures, n (%) | 981 (49.5) | 770 (49.1) | 211 (51.1) | 0.516 |
| Adequately informed about COVID-19, n (%) | 1094 (55.2) | 888 (56.6) | 206 (49.9) | 0.016 |
| In agreement with federal measures, n (%) | 943 (48.1) | 761 (49.1) | 182 (44.3) | 0.093 |
| In agreement with municipal and state measures, n (%) | 1069 (54.5) | 866 (55.9) | 203 (49.4) | 0.022 |
| COVID-19 exposure | ||||
| Presented COVID-19 symptoms | 620 (29.3) | 397 (23.8) | 223 (49.6) | <0.001 |
| Working at the office, n (%) | 343 (16.2) | 271 (16.3) | 72 (16.0) | 0.953 |
| Working from home, n (%) | 798 (37.7) | 622 (37.3) | 176 (39.1) | 0.52 |
| Being retired, n (%) | 491 (23.2) | 403 (24.2) | 88 (19.6) | 0.046 |
| Working on healthcare, n (%) | 108 (5.1) | 81 (4.9) | 27 (6.0) | 0.392 |
| Other CIS-R diagnoses | ||||
| Anxiety disorders, n (%) | 169 (8.0) | 29 (1.7) | 140 (31.1) | <0.001 |
| Depressive disorders, n (%) | 60 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 60 (13.3) | <0.001 |
p Values are highlighted in bold when a significance of 0.005 was achieved in t tests or χ2 tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Exposure variables are described in Table 1 and in the online Supplementary materials.