Table 3.
Fixed effects estimates (top) and variance-covariance estimates (bottom) for multilevel models of difficulties in emotion regulation, interpersonal problems, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms from T1 to T2
| DERS | IIP | PHQ-9 | GAD-7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | Estimate | Estimate | Estimate | |
| Fixed effects | ||||
| Intercept | 12.64* (0.04) | 22.92* (0.09) | 7.61* (0.06) | 5.73* (0.05) |
| Time | −0.27* (0.04) | −0.44* (0.08) | −0.77* (0.06) | −0.95* (0.05) |
| Estimate | Estimate | Estimate | Estimate | |
| Random effects | ||||
| Variance intercept | 13.36* (0.25) | 69.59* (1.22) | 23.83* (0.44) | 13.85* (0.29) |
| Residual Tot/T1 | 5.03* (0.10) | 15.18* (0.76) | 8.51* (0.17) | 7.52* (0.23) |
| Residual T2 | – | 20.40* (0.83) | – | 5.23* (0.22) |
| AIC | 82 542.82 | 104 477.2 | 90 835.14 | 84 793.99 |
DERS, difficulties in emotion regulation; IIP, overall interpersonal problems; PHQ-9, symptoms of depression; GAD-7, symptoms of anxiety; AIC, Akaike's information criterion.
Note. Standard errors are given in parenthesis. Estimations were performed by the method of maximum likelihood (ML). *p < 0.01. Tot = total residual in models with homoscedastic error covariance structures. T1 = a period of 1 week (31st March to 7th April 2020) starting nearly 3 weeks after the implementation of strict social distancing protocols in Norway (12th March 2020). T2 = a period of 3 weeks (22nd June to 13th July 2020) starting 1 week after the strict social distancing protocols had been discontinued (15th June 2020).