Table 5.
Fixed effects estimates (top) and variance-covariance estimates (bottom) for predictive multilevel models of anxiety symptoms (GAD-7) from T1 to T2
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Est. | Est. | Est. | Est. | t (df) | |
| Fixed effects | |||||
| Intercept | 6.08* (0.05) | 5.97* (0.04) | 5.97* (0.04) | 5.99* (0.04) | 148.33 (10 035.00) |
| Time | −1.01* (0.05) | −1.03* (0.05) | −1.10* (0.06) | −0.94* (0.05) | −17.43 (5972.01) |
| Age | −0.06* (0.01) | −0.01* (0.01) | −0.01* (0.01) | −0.01* (0.01) | −4.90 (10 035.00) |
| Gender | −1.67* (0.11) | −1.15* (0.09) | −1.15* (0.09) | −1.15* (0.09) | −13.06 (10 035.00) |
| Education | −0.60* (0.05) | −0.17* (0.04) | −0.17* (0.04) | −0.16* (0.04) | −4.11 (10 035.00) |
| Time × Age | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.70 (5969.33) |
| Time × Gender | 0.78* (0.12) | 0.66* (0.12) | 0.66* (0.12) | 0.67* (0.11) | 6.08 (5982.96) |
| Time × Education | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.71 (5984.17) |
| DERS T1 | 0.58* (0.01) | 0.58* (0.01) | 0.46* (0.02) | 26.62 (10 035.00) | |
| IIP T1 | 0.05* (0.01) | 0.05* (0.01) | 0.05* (0.01) | 5.14 (10 035.00) | |
| Time × DERS T1 | −0.14* (0.01) | −0.15* (0.01) | −0.34* (0.02) | −19.86 (5509.21) | |
| Time × IIP T1 | 0.03* (0.01) | 0.03* (0.01) | −0.07* (0.01) | −7.48 (5399.94) | |
| Time × DERS T1 × IIP T1 | 0.01* (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 1.34 (4921.00) | ||
| DERS T2 | 0.16* (0.02) | 8.96 (10 035.00) | |||
| IIP T2 | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.65 (10 035.00) | |||
| Time × DERS T2 | 0.34* (0.02) | 19.87 (5508.79) | |||
| Time × IIP T2 | 0.07* (0.01) | 8.55 (5355.75) | |||
| Est. | Est. | Est. | Est. | Wald Z | |
| Variance intercept | 12.36* (0.27) | 6.50* (0.18) | 6.49* (0.18) | 5.87* (0.16) | 36.39 |
| Residual T1 | 7.28* (0.23) | 6.24* (0.18) | 6.25* (0.18) | 6.76* (0.17) | 40.16 |
| Residual T2 | 5.35* (0.22) | 6.14* (0.19) | 6.12* (0.19) | 4.33* (0.16) | 27.48 |
| AIC | 83 621.91 | 78 987.70 | 78 979.62 | 77 825.80 | – |
DERS, difficulties in emotion regulation; IIP, overall interpersonal problems; AIC, Akaike's information criterion.
Note. Standard errors and degrees of freedom are given in parenthesis. Estimations were performed by the method of maximum likelihood (ML) and a heteroskedastic error covariance structure. *p < 0.01. T1 = a period of 1 week (31st March to 7th April 2020) starting nearly 3 weeks after the implementation of strict social distancing protocols in Norway (12th March 2020). T2 = a period of 3 weeks (22nd June to 13th July 2020) starting 1 week after the strict social distancing protocols had been discontinued (15th June 2020). Degrees of freedom (df), t values, and Wald Z are given only for the final model.