Table 3.

Exposure to COVID-19 infection, food security status, changes in household income and expenditure during the COVID-19 pandemic (n 207)

Characteristic	Follow-up study, September 2020		UHNS-2019, September 2019		P
	n	%	n	%
Exposure to COVID-19 infection
Infected	0	0·0	–	–
Quarantined	0	0·0	–	–
Food security status
Severe food insecurity	12	5·8	24	11·6	<0·001*
Moderate food insecurity	50	24·2	30	14·5
Mild food insecurity	82	39·6	35	16·9
Food secure	63	30·4	117	57·0
Main coping mechanisms
Sold household or productive assets	46	22·2	35	16·9	0·16†
Reduced non-food cost (education, health, etc)	55	26·6	24	11·6	<0·001†
Spent savings	100	48·3	44	21·3	<0·001†
Borrowed money from bank	42	20·3	29	14·0	0·1†
Borrowed food/money from friends/relatives	105	50·7	48	23·2	<0·001†
Looked for additional income sources	35	16·9	23	11·1	0·1†
Per capita monthly income (USD)
< 27	50	24·2	23	11·1	<0·001*
27–41	53	25·6	43	20·8
40·1, 59	53	26·1	67	32·9
> 59·1	51	24·2	73	35·3
Change in household income during last 6 months
Increased	2	1·0	–	–
Decreased	187	90·3	–	–
No change	18	8·7	–	–
Reasons to decrease household income during last 6 months (n 187)
Loss of employment	121	64·7	–	–
No extra income	75	40·1	–	–
Deduct the salary by employee	92	49·2	–	–
Change in household expenditure during last 6 months
Increased	110	53·1	–	–
Decreased	33	15·9	–	–
No change	64	30·9	–	–
Reasons to increase household expenditure during last 6 months (n 110)
High food price	109	99·1	–	–
Paid school fees	32	29·1	–	–
Paid loans/vehicle lease	30	27·3	–	–
Medicine cost	27	24·5	–	–

UHNS-2019, Urban Health and Nutrition Study 2019

^*McNemar–Bowker test.

^†McNemar test.