Table 1.

Recommended method for urine sample collection and cut-off number of colony-forming units/ml for significant bacteriuria according to the method of urine sample collection.

Method of urine sample collection	Recommendation	Cut-off number for significant bacteriuria
Transurethral BC	First choice for Infants and nontoilet-trained children	>50.000 CFU/mL[1–3] OR >10.000 CFU/mL if fever and pyuria[1–3]
A clean-voided specimen	First choice for toilet-trained children Second choice for nontoilet-trained children who cannot undergo transurethral BC(e.g., increased bleeding tendency)	>100.000 CFU/ml[1–3] OR >10.000 CFU/mL if fever and pyuria present [3]
Suprapubic aspiration (SPA)	Reliable method in neonates and an alternative method for males with phimosis or females with severe labial adhesions.	Any number of CFU per mL[2,3]

AbbreviationsUTI = urinary tract infection; CFU = colony-forming units, and transurethral bladder catheterization = transurethral BC.