Table 2.

Related mechanisms of polyphenols in HF treatment.

Compound	Source	HF model	Dosage	Result
Resveratrol	Wine	Pressure-overload	450 mg/kg/day, 2 weeks	Resveratrol increase exercise capacity of HF mice, increase skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity, and increase systemic glucose utilization and basal metabolic rate158.
		Tesaglitazar induction	100 mg/kg/day, 6weeks	Resveratrol reduces cardiac dysfunction and corrects myocardial mitochondrial respiration by mediating SIRT1 activation in tesaglitazar-induced C57BL/6 mice and diabetic mice, but it has no effect on myocardium in SIRT1 deficient mice159.
		Myocardial infarction	200 mg/kg/day, 2 weeks	Resveratrol significantly increase ejection fraction and physical activity of myocardial infarction rats, restore myocardial fatty acid oxidation levels, significantly increases myocardial energy metabolism, and reduces left ventricular and atrial remodeling caused by myocardial infarction160.
		Ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury	50 mg/kg/day, 2 weeks	Inhibit stromal interaction molecule1 -induced intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, reduce the mortality of myocardial I/R injured mice, reduce the area of myocardial infarction, and improve cardiac function161.
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)	Green tea	Knockout manganese superoxide dismutase	20 mg/kg/day, 8weeks	EGCG reduces oxidative stress and free fatty acid levels. At the same time, it also delays the progression of HF by preventing the increased expression of nitric oxide synthase 2, nitrotyrosine, fatty acid synthase, Toll-like receptor 4 and SIRT1162.
		Pressure-overload	50 mg/kg/day, 12 weeks	EGCG prevents left ventricular dilatation, increase ejection fraction and left ventricular short axis shortening rate, maintain cardiac function and upregulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a) via the modification of histone acetylation to prevent HF caused by stress overload163.
		Pressure-overload	10 mg/kg/day, 4 weeks	EGCG reverses changes in left ventricular diastolic diameter and systolic diameter of HF mice, increase ejection fraction; inhibits myocardial fibrosis; reduces oxidative stress, inflammation, and myocardial cell apoptosis; and reduces collagen I and III expression levels, thereby inhibiting myocardial fibrosis and reducing ventricular collagen remodeling, delaying the occurrence and progression of HF. It may work by inhibiting the transforming TGF-β1/SMAD3 signaling pathway164.
		Pressure-overload	25,50 or 100 mg/kg/day, 4 weeks	EGCG can reduce the desensitization of β1 receptor by inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) transfer membrane. It can also regulate left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, mean blood pressure, heart weight and posterior wall thickness, left ventricular systolic pressure, left ventricular maximum pressure rise rate (+dP/dtmax), and left ventricular maximum pressure drop rate (–dP/dtmax) and other constants to improve cardiomyocyte morphology165.
Puerarin	Puerariae Radix	Pressure-overload	60 mg/kg/day, 4 weeks	Puerarin reduces the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase, increase the expression level of GLUT4, and reduces the expression level of CD36. It also reduces the levels of inflammatory factors in myocardial tissue and regulate PPARα and its downstream target genes166.
		Myocardial infarction with diabetes	100 mg/kg/day, 4 weeks	Puerarin increases AKT phosphorylation, decreases PPARα expression, increases GLUT4 expression and translocation, and reduces CD36 expression and translocation, thereby regulating cardiac energy metabolism, increasing heart function and improving survival rate in mice with HF167.
Tanshinone IIA	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	Pressure-overload	1.5 mg/kg/day, 4 weeks	Tanshinone IIA mediates the expression of related molecules by upregulating AMPK and downregulating mTOR to increase autophagy and inhibit apoptosis168.
		Pressure-overload	20 mg/kg/day, 8 weeks	Tanshinone IIA reduce inflammatory response and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in HF rats by regulating serum B-type brain natriuretic peptide, interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein levels and myocardial B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X protein levels169.
7,8-Dihydroxyflavone	/	Doxorubicin-induction	5 mg/kg/day, 2 weeks	7,8-Dihydroxyflavone increase cell viability in vitro and reduce doxorubicin-induced cell death. At the same time, it improves the heart function of HF mice, reduces heart injury, and restores AMPK and signal transducing activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) expression by increasing mitochondrial respiration, membrane potential and OPA1 protein expression in vivo170.
Isoquercetin	/	Lipopolysaccharide induction	50 mg/kg/day, 5 days	Isoquercetin significantly reduces the inflammatory response and reduces the energy deficiency caused by lipopolysaccharide. It acts by increasing the expression of PGC1β and PPARα, activating AMPKα, and increasing fatty acid oxidation, thereby increasing cardiac and cellular ATP levels171.
Naringenin	/	I/R injury	50 mg/kg/day, 1 week	Naringenin reduces infarct size and myocardial cell index and reduces ischemia–reperfusion injury by inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative stress and increasing mitochondrial biogenesis through AMPK–SIRT3 signing172.

Note: “/” means that its resource is rich.