Table 3.
Summary of known pathways, targets and metabolic pathways of drugs.
| Drug | Known pathway or target | Known metabolic pathway |
|---|---|---|
| Metformin | PI3k-PKB/AKT, AMPK, PGC-1α | Glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress |
| Pioglitazone | PPARγ | Fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial function |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | AMPK, Na+/H+ exchanger-1, NLRP3 inflammatory corpuscle | Ketone metabolism, mitochondrial function, intracellular sodium homeostasis, insulin signaling, oxidative stress |
| Simvastatin | iNOSitol, INCX, Rac1 | Mitochondrial function, oxidative stress |
| Fenofibrate | PPARα | Fatty acid metabolism |
| Trimetazidine | Long-chain mitochondrial 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase | Glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism |
| Carvedilol | α1, β receptor | Fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial function |
| Resveratrol | SIRT1, CYP1B2, stromal interaction molecule1 | Glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial function, insulin signal, Ca2+ concentration |
| EGCG | TGF-β1/SMAD3, Toll-like receptor 4, SIRT1, SERCA2a, GRK2 transfer membrane, nitric oxide synthase 2, nitrotyrosine, fatty acid synthase, | Fatty acid metabolism, oxidative stress, cell function |
| Puerarin | GLU4, CD36, PPARα | Glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism |
| Tanshinone IIA | AMPK, mTOR | Apoptosis |
| 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone | AMPK, STAT3 | Mitochondrial function |
| Isoquercetin | PGC1β, PPARα, AMPKα | Fatty acid metabolism |
| Naringenin | AMPK-SIRT3 | Mitochondrial function |
| Ginsenoside Rb1 | TGF-β1/SMAD ERK, AKT | Glucose metabolism |
| Ginsenoside Rb3 | PPARα | Fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial function |
| Arjunolic acid | P47phox, ERK, PPARα, TAK1, p38 MAPK, NF-κB P65 | Glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress |
| Astragaloside IV | PPARα, MCAD, MCP1 | Fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial function |
| Ophiopogon polysaccharide | AST, LDH, CK, CK-MB, ATPase | Mitochondrial function |
| Lycium barbarum polysaccharide | Mitochondrial biological gene regulatory factors | Fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial function |
| Astragalus polysaccharide | TNF-α/PGC-1 | Fatty acid metabolism |
| Higenamine | PPARα/PGC-1α/SIRT3 | Mitochondrial function |
| Tetramethylpyrazine | 14-3-3γ, miR-499a, SIRT1, PI3K/AKT | Mitochondrial function |
| Thyroxine | LKB1/AMPK/mTOR | Fatty acid metabolism |
| Salsolinol | – | Mitochondrial function |
| Relaxin | – | Fatty acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism |
| Estrogen | – | Mitochondrial function |
–Unclear.