Table 3.
Active targeting strategies.
| Type | Receptor | Delivery strategy | Drug | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small molecule | ||||
| FA | Folate receptor β | BSA nanoparticles | Etoricoxib | 55 |
| Dendrimer G5 | Methotrexate | 56 | ||
| FA-PEG-DSPE liposomes | Prednisolone and methotrexate | 57 | ||
| DOPE/CH/DSPE-mPEG liposomes | Methotrexate | 58 | ||
| Nanogold-core dendrimer | Methotrexate | 59 | ||
| FA-PSA-CC micelles | Dexamethasone | 60 | ||
| FA-PLGA nanoparticles | Dexamethasone | 61 | ||
| FA-PEG-CH-DEAE15 nanoparticles | siRNA | 62 | ||
| Mannose | Mannose receptor | DSPC/Chol/Man liposomes | Withaferin-A | 63 |
| DSPC/Chol/F-DHPE/Man liposomes | Morin | 64 | ||
| SA | E-selectin | SA-Dex-OA micelles | Methotrexate | 26 |
| L-selectin | SA-cholesterol conjugated liposomes | Dexamethasone palmitate | 65 | |
| Galactose | Galactose-specific C-type lectin | GDR-TPT nanoparticles | Triptolide | 66 |
| Polymer | ||||
| DS | Scavenger receptor | DS-b-PCL nanoparticles | Methotrexate | 67 |
| DS-g-MTX micelles | Methotrexate | 20 | ||
| HA | CD44 | HA–MTX conjugate | Methotrexate | 68 |
| HA‒DPPE liposomes | Prednisolone | 69 | ||
| HA/Cur micelles | Curcumin | 27 | ||
| HA polymeric nanoparticles | Dexamethasone | 70 | ||
| HA‒phospholipid micelles | Triamcinolone | 71 | ||
| HA‒gold nanoparticles | Tocilizumab | 38 | ||
| Protein | ||||
| Anti-CD64 antibody | CD64 | Anti-CD64-SPIONs-PLGA nanoparticles | Methotrexate | 72 |
| Albumin | SPARC | MTX@HSA nanoparticles | Methotrexate | 28 |
| TAC‒HSA nanoparticles | Tacrolimus | 73 | ||
| CD163 monoclonal antibody | Haemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 | Anti-CD163-dexamethasone conjugate | Dexamethasone | 74 |
| Peptide | ||||
| RGD | αvβ3 integrins | RGD-Lip-PRE liposomes | Prednisone | 34 |
| Au/Fe/Au PLGA nanoparticles | Methotrexate | 29 | ||
| Au PLGA nanoparticles | Methotrexate | 75 | ||
| Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles | Fumagillin prodrug | 76 | ||
| RGD-PEG-PLA micelles | Methotrexate and nimesulide | 77 | ||
| VIP | VIP receptor | DSPE-PEG3400-VIP micelles | Camptothecin | 78 |
| Tuftsin | Fc and neuropilin-1 receptors | Alginate nanoparticles | IL-10 DNA | 79 |
| HAP-1 | Synovial | HAP-1 liposomes | Prednisolone | 34 |
| CBP | Collagens | CBP–α-TNF conjugates | TNF-α antibody | 80 |
| ADK | Endothelial cells | ART-1-IL-27 liposomes | IL-27 | 41 |
| Membrane | ||||
| Platelet membrane | P-selectin and GVPI | PLGA nanoparticles | Tacrolimus | 81 |
| Neutrophil membrane | LFA-1 | PLGA nanoparticles | None | 82 |
| Macrophage membrane | Mac-1 | PLGA nanoparticles | Tacrolimus | 83 |
| TRAIL-expressing vein endothelial cell membrane | TRAIL ligands | PLGA nanoparticles | Hydroxychloroquine | 84 |
FA, folic acid; BSA, bovine serum albumin; DOPE, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, DSPE-mPEG, N-(carbonyl methoxypolyethylene glycol)-1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; PSA, polysialic acid; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); CH, chitosan; DEAE, diethylethylamine; DSPC, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; Chol, cholesterol; Man, mannose; F-DHPE, N-(fluorescein-5-thiocarbamoyl)-1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-phosphoethanolamine, triethylammonium salt; SA, sialic acid; Dex, dexamethasone; OA, octadecanoic acid; GDR, galactosyl-dextran-retinal; TPT, triptolide; DS, dextran sulfate; PCL, poly(ε-caprolactone); MTX, methotrexate; HA, hyaluronic acid; DPPE, dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; Cur, curcumin; SPIONs, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; SPARC, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine; HSA, human serum albumin; TAC, tacrolimus; RGD, arginine-glycine-aspartic acid; PRE, prednisone; PLA, polylactic acid; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide; CBP, collagen-binding peptide; ART-1, CRNADKFPC; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.