Table 2. Adjusted Differences in Outcome Measuresa.
| Outcome | Mean (SD) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Gamification | |||
| With support | With collaboration | With competition | ||
| Physical activity, steps per day, No. | ||||
| Baseline | 4410 (2263) | 4353 (2439) | 4122 (2817) | 4681 (2893) |
| Months 1-6 | 4202 (2185) | 4854 (2539) | 4445 (2669) | 5066 (2882) |
| Difference relative to control (95% CI) | NA | 691 (267 to 1115) | 468 (43 to 892) | 639 (204 to 1074) |
| P value | NA | .001 | .03 | .004 |
| Months 1-12 | 4196 (2017) | 4655 (2355) | 4257 (2388) | 5007 (2733) |
| Difference relative to control (95% CI) | NA | 503 (103 to 903) | 280 (−115 to 674) | 606 (201 to 1011) |
| P value | NA | .01 | .16 | .003 |
| Weight, kg | ||||
| Baseline | 106.8 (22.5) | 103.4 (18.2) | 110.8 (21.4) | 108.3 (20.7) |
| Month 6 | 104.4 (22.9) | 99.9 (17.6) | 108.1 (21.4) | 106.6 (21.3) |
| Difference relative to control (95% CI) | NA | −1.4 (−3.0 to 0.3) | 0.0 (−1.6 to 1.6) | 0.7 (−1.0 to 2.4) |
| P value | NA | .11 | 1.00 | .43 |
| Month 12 | 105.1 (22.9) | 99.7 (17.7) | 107.5 (21.0) | 105.4 (21.0) |
| Difference relative to control (95% CI) | NA | −1.9 (−4.2 to 0.3) | −1.5 (−3.8 to 0.9) | −1.1 (−3.5 to 1.3) |
| P value | NA | .09 | .22 | .36 |
| Hemoglobin A1c level, % | ||||
| Baseline | 9.5 (1.5) | 9.5 (1.5) | 9.9 (1.7) | 9.7 (1.6) |
| Month 6 | 8.8 (1.7) | 9.1 (1.7) | 8.7 (1.8) | 8.8 (1.6) |
| Difference relative to control (95% CI) | NA | 0.31 (−0.36 to 0.98) | −0.24 (−0.80 to 0.31) | −0.14 (−0.80 to 0.53) |
| P value | NA | .35 | .38 | .68 |
| Month 12 | 8.8 (1.7) | 8.9 (1.7) | 8.8 (2.1) | 8.7 (1.8) |
| Difference relative to control (95% CI) | NA | 0.05 (−0.56 to 0.65) | −0.14 (−0.80 to 0.52) | −0.32 (−0.91 to 0.27) |
| P value | NA | .88 | .68 | .28 |
| LDL-C level, mg/dL | ||||
| Baseline | 99.9 (31.2) | 101.7 (41.8) | 97.9 (32.4) | 90.0 (38.7) |
| Month 6 | 93.6 (33.0) | 96.2 (36.1) | 89.7 (32.2) | 87.5 (34.6) |
| Difference relative to control (95% CI) | NA | 1.1 (−10.5 to 12.7) | −0.6 (−10.9 to 9.7) | 1.1 (−7.2 to 9.5) |
| P Value | NA | .85 | .91 | .79 |
| Month 12 | 100.5 (31.8) | 96.8 (31.0) | 91.9 (28.5) | 94.2 (32.9) |
| Difference relative to control (95% CI) | NA | −4.6 (−18.6 to 9.4) | −8.2 (−24.7 to 8.2) | −3.9 (−18.1 to 10.4) |
| P value | NA | .50 | .29 | .57 |
Abbreviations: LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NA, not applicable.
SI conversion factors: To convert hemoglobin A1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01; LDL-C to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259.
a
Adjusted models used imputed data and adjusted for baseline outcome measure, calendar month, and study arm to report differences relative to controls.