| MSCs | Mesenchymal stem cells |
| SHEDs | Stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth |
| DPSCs | Dental pulp stem cells |
| yDPSCs | Dental pulp stem cells from young subjects |
| oDPSCs | Dental pulp stem cells from old subjects |
| Osteo | osteogenic induction |
| T4 | L-thyroxine |
| OB | osteoblasts |
| PTH | Parathyroid hormone |
| PTH1R | Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor |
| ALPL | Alkaline phosphatase |
| OPG | Osteoprotegerin |
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