Broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitor treatment increases the expression of autophagy genes. (a) Gene expression analysis of genes with the ontology term “autophagy” of SK-N-BE(2)-C neuroblastoma cells. Cells were treated for 24 h with vorinostat (500 nM) in three replicates. Genes, which are significantly up- or downregulated (p < 0.05) are shown. (b) Realtime RT-PCR analysis of GABARAPL1, MAP1LC3a, WIPI1, BNIP3L after 24 h treatment of SK-N-BE(2)-C cells with vorinostat (500 nM) or panobinostat (10 nM). (c) Realtime Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of MAP1LC3a, WIPI1, BNIP3L after 24 h treatment of IMR-32 cells with panobinostat (4 nM). Statistical analyses were performed using one sample t-test. Boxes represent the SD.