Table 2.

Extraction methods and biological activities of compounds isolated from selected species under the sub-family Valerianaceae.

Major Compound	Known Biological Activity	Isolation Techniques Used *	Detection Methods **	First Author and Year
Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC.
(–)-(8R)-neonardochinoneA and (+)-(8S)neonardochinoneA	Anti-Alzheimer’s disease (AD) activity	Silica gel CC, MCI gel CC, and Sephadex LH-20 CC	HRESIMS NMR XRC	[115]
Nardochinins A-D		Silica gel CC, MCI gel CC, and Sephadex LH-20 CC	HRESIMS NMR XRC	[29]
Kanshone C—inhibits SERT and Desoxo-nachinol A—enhances SERT	Natural serotonin regulator using SERT activity assay	Silica gel CC and preparative HPLC	HRESIMS NMR XRC	[78]
Aristolen-1(10)-en-9-ol	Sedative effect via GABAergic system	Silica gel CC and preparative HPLC	GC-FID GC-MS	[76]
Valerena-4,7(11)-diene	The stress-reducing effect in mice	Silica gel CC and preparative HPLC	GC-MS	[28]
Valerena-4,7(11)-diene and b-maaliene	Sedative effects in mice	Silica gel CC, gel permeation chromatography, and HPLC	GC NMR	[116]
Aristolene, calarene, and valerena-4,7(11)-diene	Sedative effects in mice	Silica gel CC, gel permeation chromatography, and HPLC	GC/GC-MS NMR	[75]
Kanshone L, Kanshone M	Anti-inflammatory effects in BV2 and primary microglial cells	Silica gel CC and preparative HPLC	NMR HRESIMS	[34]
Sesquiterpenoids: Kanshone J and Kanshone K	Anti-inflammatory effects in BV2 and primary microglial cells	Solvent partition, CC, and HPLC	NMR HRESIMS	[34]
Nardosinone, Isonardosinone, Kanshone E, Kanshone B	Anti-inflammatory effects in BV2 and microglial cells	Silica gel CC	NMR MS	[83]
Compounds 5 and 6	Cytotoxic activity against a neuroblastoma cell line	Silica gel CC	FT-IR MS NMR	[117]
Patrinia scabiosifolia Link
Caryophyllene oxide	Anti-inflammatory activity in BV-2 cells	Distillation	GC-MS	[118]
Valeriana amurensis P. Smirn. ex Kom.
Kissoone B	Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects	Percolation, Sephadex LH-20 CC, and paper chromatography	EIMS NMR	[36]
Xiecaoside E and Lignin 11-17	Neuroprotective effects in PC12 cells	Silica gel CC and preparative HPLC	FT-IR NMR	[119]
Lignans (e.g., (þ) pinoresinol-4, 4′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (þ) 8-hydroxypinoresinol-4′-Oβ-D-glucopyranoside); Iridoids (e.g., patrinoside and kanokoside A)	Activity on cerebral cholinergic function and neuroprotective effect from an αβ-induced cognitive deficit in mice	Silica gel CC, octadecyl silica gel CC, and preparative HPLC	NMR EIMS	[35]
Heishuixiecaoline A, B, and C, volvalerenal C, (+) pinoresinol-4,4′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (+) pinoresinol-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and 8-hydroxypinoresinol-4,4′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Neuroprotective effects in PC12 cells	AB-8 macroporous resin CC and silica gel CC	HRESIMS NMR FT-IR	[99]
Valeriana fauriei Briq.
8α-acetoxyl-3α,4α,10-trihydroxyl-guaia-1(2)-ene-12,6α-olide and 2-Ethylhexyl-4-hydroxybenzoate	An antidepressant activity using forced swim test in a mouse model	Silica gel CC and Sephadex LH-20 CC	FT-IR MS NMR	[37]
Valeriana glechomifolia F.G. Mey.
Valtrate, Acevaltrate, 1-β-acevaltrate, 1-β-aceacevaltrate and isovaltrate	Activity on depressive-like behavior in mice	Supercritical CO2 (SCCO2) extraction and HPLC	HPLC	[41]
Valtrate, acevaltrate, and 1-β-acevaltrate	Inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the brain hemispheres of rat	Ultrasonic bath and preparative TLC	NMR	[120]
Valeriana jatamansi Jones
Rupesin E	Anticancer and pro-apoptotic activity against glioma stem cells.	Silica gel CC, Sephadex LH-20 CC, and semi-preparative HPLC	NMR	[121]
(4β,8β)-8-methoxy-3-methoxy-10-methylene-2,9-dioxatricyclo[4.3.1.0]decan-4-ol and (1S,3R,5R,7S,8R,9S)-3,8-epoxy-1- O-ethyl-5-hydroxyvalechlorine	Neuroprotective effects in PC12 cells	Silica gel CC, semipreparative HPLC, Sephadex LH-20 CC, preparative TLC	NMR ECD FT-IR UV Vis HRESIMS	[105]
Valepotriate	The anti-epileptic effect in mice	Silica gel CC	NMR HPLC	[122]
Isopatrinioside and Valeriananoid F	Neuroprotective effects in PC12 cells	Silica gel CC, Sephadex LH-20 CC, preparative TLC, and preparative HPLC	NMR HRESIMS FT-IR MCP UV-Vis	[123]
Valtrate	The anxiolytic effect in rats	Chromatography in AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin, silica gel CC, and TLC	NMR EIMS FT-IR UV Vis	[124]
Iridoids: Jatadoids A and B	Neuroprotective effects in SH-SY5Y cells	Silica gel CC, TLC, ODS CC, and preparative HPLC	NMR HRESIMS	[44]
Jatairidoids A–C	Neuroprotective effects in SH-SY5Y cells	Silica gel CC, ODS CC, and preparative HPLC	NMR HRESIMS EIMS FT-IR	[125]
Valeriandoids A–C and chlorovaltrate	Neuroprotective effects in SH-SY5Y cells	Silica gel CC, ODS CC, and preparative HPLC	NMR HRESIMS EIMS FT-IR	[44]
2S(−)-hesperidin	Sedative and sleep-enhancing properties in mice	Silica gel CC	UV-Vis NMR EIMS	[24]
6-methylapigenin	Anxiolytic and sleep-enhancing properties in mice	Silica gel CC and C18 column chromatography	UV-Vis NMR EIMS	[126]
Valerilactones A and B, and bakkenolide-H	Neuroprotective effects in human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells	Silica gel CC, ODS CC, and preparative HPLC	NMR HRESIMS ESIMS FT-IR	[127]
Valeriana officinalis L.
Acetoxyvalerenic acid and valerinic acid	Sleep promoting properties in mice model	Soxhlet extraction, rotary vacuum evaporation, and C18 CC	HPLC UV-Vis	[128]
Valerenic acid	GABAA receptor modulator using a larval zebrafish seizure model	ASE® 200 solvent extraction system	HPLC	[129]
Volvalerenal H, Volvalerenal I, Volvalerenal J, Volvalerenal acid K, and Densispicnins C	Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity	Silica gel CC, Sephadex LH-20 CC, preparative TLC, and preparative HPLC	NMR HRESIMS FT-IR	[53]
Valeneomerin A, Valeneomerin B, Valeneomerin D	Neuroprotective effects against H2O2 induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells	Silica gel CC, RP-MPLC, and Sephadex LH-20 (MeOH) CC, and preparative TLC	NMR HRESIMS FT-IR XRC	[130]
Linarin	Sedative and sleep-enhancing property	Silica gel CC	NMR EIMS UV-Vis	[25]
Volvalerenals A-E and volvalerenic acids A-C	Weak acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities	Silica gel CC, and Sephadex LH-20 CC	NMR HRESIMS EIMS XRC	[131]
Valeriana laurifolia Kunth
Valtrate acetoxyhydrine, valtrate, isovaleroyloxyhydrine, and valtrate chlorohydrine	Anticonvulsant property in mice	Silica gel CC, and preparative TLC	NMR HRESIMS EIMS FT-IR	[132]

* CC—column chromatography, HPLC—high-performance liquid chromatography, ODS—octadecyl silica; TLC—thin layer chromatography. ** ECD—Electronic circular dichroism; EIMS—Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; FT-IR—Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; GC-FID—Gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection; HRESIMS—High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; MCP—Modular circular polarimeters; MS—Mass spectroscopy; NMR—nuclear magnetic resonance; UV Vis—Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy; XRC—Xray crystallography.