Table 2.
Hemoximetry studies (after 1992) comparing SpO2 monitoring to invasively measured blood oxygenation parameters.
| Ref | 1st Author, Year | Number of Patients/ HbF Blood Samples | Blood Sample Type | HbF Measurement Method | Gestation Distribution (Weeks) | Time of Sample Collection and Non-Invasive Monitoring | Blood Oxygenation Parameters | Blood Gas Analyzer/Hemoximeter | Pulse Oximeter (Company Name) | Additional Bedside Oxygenation Monitoring Device (Company Name) | Relevant Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [6]. | Rajadurai, 1992 | 22/64 | Arterial | Visible absorption spectroscopy (hemoximeter) | 25–36 | 1 h–73 days after birth | Functional SaO2 * | ABL30 Analyzer/ Hemoximeter OSM3 | Nellcor N-100 (Hayward, CA, USA) | NA | Pulse oximeter saturations were unaffected by FHbF values which ranged from 0 to 100%. |
| [29]. | Shiao, 2005 | 20/210 | Arterial and venous | Visible absorption spectroscopy (hemoximeter) | 24–34 | First 5 days after birth | paO2, SaO2, SvO2, HbO2 | Hemoximeter OSM3 | Nellcor NPB 290 (Pleasanton, CA, USA) | NA | Bias of SpO2 vs HbO2 was +1.6% (2SD 5.6) and SpO2 vs SaO2 −0.6% (2SD 5.9). There was no statistical analysis of HbF contribution to the bias. |
| [30]. | Shiao, 2006 | 39/188 | Arterial and venous | Visible absorption spectroscopy (hemoximeter) + HPLC | 25–38 | First 5 days after birth | paO2, SaO2, SvO2, HbO2 | Hemoximeter OSM3 | Nellcor NPB 290 (Tyco Healthcare, Mansfield, MA, USA) | NA | Lower HbF levels after the transfusion resulted in lower SpO2 for the same paO2 range of 50–75 mmHg. There was no statistical analysis of HbF contribution to the SpO2-SaO2 bias. |
| [31]. | Shiao, 2007 | 78/771 | Arterial and venous | Visible absorption spectroscopy (hemoximeter) | 25–38 | First 5 days after birth (every 6–8 h) | paO2, SaO2, HbO2 | Hemoximeter OSM3 | Nellcor (NPB 290, Pleasanton, CA, USA) | SaO2m, SvO2m *** Oximetric 3-wavelength monitors (Abbott, Chicago, IL, USA) |
Bias of SpO2 vs HbO2 in arterial blood samples was 2.5% (SD 3.1). There was no statistical analysis of HbF contribution to the SpO2-SaO2 bias. |
| [34]. | Nitzan, 2018 | 14/28 | Arterial | Visible absorption spectroscopy (hemoximeter) | 24–33 | Within 12 h before and after the blood transfusion (first 5 days after birth) | paO2, SaO2 | ABL 90 FLEX | Nellcor (Covidien-Medtronic, Mansfield, MA, USA) | NA | HbF declined significantly after transfusion and FiO2 increased by > 12% to keep SpO2 within the same range. |
FHbF = fraction of fetal hemoglobin, HbF = fetal hemoglobin, HbO2 = oxyhemoglobin, HPLC = high performance liquid chromatography, NA = not applicable, paO2 = partial arterial oxygen pressure, SaO2 = arterial blood oxygen saturation, SvO2 = venous blood oxygen saturation, SpO2 = peripheral arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse-oximetry, SD = standard deviation. *Functional SaO2 = (HbO2/ 100− HbCO- HbMet) × 100, **SO2 = SaO2 and SvO2, *** SaO2m = arterial blood oxygen saturation monitoring, SvO2m = venous blood oxygen saturation monitoring (measured through umbilical catheters by using Oximetric 3 monitors of 3-wavelength technology).