Table 1.
Toxin-producing genera and their toxic compounds (or toxin synthetase genes) in the groups of aeroterrestrial and other extremophilic algae. Legend: Aeroterr.—aeroterrestrial, Envm—environments, T/G—toxic compound or toxin synthetase gene (in cases when only genes have been reported), OC—occurrence in the relevant ecological group, ?—finding supposed. Aquatic ambient habitats are included since most toxins have been proved only in freshwater, brackish or marine environments. For toxin abbreviations and other explanations, see the text of the paper.
| Algal Phylum/Genus | Toxin/Toxins and TOCs | Aquatic Ambiente Envm | Aquatic Extreme Envm |
Airborne | Aeroterr. Ambiente Envm |
Aeroterr. Extreme Envm |
Thermal Envm | Cold Envm | Caves | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T/G | OC | T/G | OC | T/G | OC | T/G | OC | T/G | OC | T/G | OC | T/G | OC | T/G | OC | ||
| Cyanopro- Karyota | |||||||||||||||||
| Anabaena s.l. | MC, CYL; BMAA, spumigin J, Laxaphysins A-E; Geo | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | X (?) | |||||||
| Anabaenopsis | MC | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Anagnostidinema | MC | x | x | ||||||||||||||
| Anacystis | MC (?) | x | x | x | x | X (?) | |||||||||||
| Aphanocapsa | MC-LR, NOD; MIB | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||
| Aphanothece | nostocyclamide, NOD | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||
| Calothrix | BMAA, LPS; Geo | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
| Chlorogloeopsis | BMAA | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Chroococcidiopsis | BMAA | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Chroococcus | MC (?) | x | x (?) | x | x | x | x (?) | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| Coleofasciculus | MC, BMAA, DAB, AEG, GTX | x | x | x (?) | x | x | |||||||||||
| Cyanobium | MC (mcyA gene), CYN (pks gene) | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
| Cyanospira | MC | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Cylindrospermum | Geo | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
| Fischerella | MCs (MC-LR, MC-LA, MCLF, MC-FR and demethyl-MC-LR), BMAA, fisherindole L, ambiguine isonitriles A–F, hapalindoles (G, H, L), fungicidal hapalindoletype alkaloids, ambigol A, B and indole alkaloid tjipanazole D, fischerellin A, LPS; Geo | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||
| Geitlerinema | MCs, SXTs; mitsoamide | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
| Gloeocapsa | MC | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||
| Gloeotrichia | MC-LF, MC-RR | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Gomphosphaeria | MCs | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Hapalosiphon | MCs (MC-LA), hapalosin | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||
| Iningainema | NOD | x | x | ||||||||||||||
| Komvophoron | MCs, CYN (?) | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Leptolyngbya | MCs; Geo | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||
| Limnospira | MC-YR; ATX | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Lyngbya | SXTs, CYN, deoxy-CYN, BMAA, LAs (A-C), AT, DAT | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ? | ||||||||
| Merismopedia | MCs, NOD | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Microchaete | A90720A (protease inhibitor) | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||
| Microcoleus | MC (mcyA, mcyE genes), ANAs, BMAA (?), CYN (pks genes), LPS; GEO | x | x | x (?) | x | x (?) | x | x | x | x | x (?) | ||||||
| Microcystis | MCs, ATXs, BMAA, MV-J, kawaguchipeptin-B | x | x | x | x | x (?) | x (?) | ||||||||||
| Nodularia | NOD, [L-Har2] NOD, BMAA, spumigins | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||
| Nostoc | MCs, NOD, NOD-R (desmethylNOD-R), ATX, SXT, BMAA, Aer-865, Aps, banyasides, CPs, Cr, CV-N, MVs, Ncps, Nos, Ns, nostocyclamide, Nd A, nostophycin, nostoweipeptins (W1-W7), nostoginins, nostopeptins, insulapeptolides, nostocyclins, microginins, muscaride A, Psp A-F; Geo | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
| Oscillatoria | MCs (-LR, -RR), ATX, HTX, CYN, 7-epi-CYN, DAT; Geo | x | x | x | x | x | x | x (?) | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
| Phormidium | MCs, ATX, HTX, BMAA | x | x | x | x | x (?) | x | x | x | x | |||||||
| Planktotohrix | MCs, ATXs, BMAA, oscillatorin (oscyllamide Y), oscillapeptin | x | x | ||||||||||||||
| Plectonema | MCs, BMAA | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||
| Pseudanabaena | MC-LR, MC (mcyA gene), CYN (pks gene) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x (?) | |||||||
| Pseudocapsa | MC-RR, MC-YR | x | x | ||||||||||||||
| Schizothrix | DAT, LPS, schizothrin A | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| Scytonema | MC-LY, SXT, BMAA | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||
| Snowella | MCs | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Spirulina | MCs, ATXs | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Symploca | BMAA | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||
| Synechocystis | MC (incl. MC-LR), BMAA, LPS | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
| Synechococcus | MC, microcin-C like, NOD, BMAA, LPS, Thionsulfolipid | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||
| Tolypothrix | Tb | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Westiellopsis | MC, westiellamide | x | x | x | x | x | x (?) | ||||||||||
| Woronichinia | MCs | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Pyrrhophyta | |||||||||||||||||
| Gymnodinium | SXT, endotoxin; ichyotoxin | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Karenia | PbTx, gymnocin (GC) | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Ostreopsis | PLTXs (osteozin D, ovatoxin A, ostreotoxin-1 and 3, mascarenotoxin A and B) | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Peridinium s.l. | ichtyotoxins incl. alkaloid similar to 12-methoxyibogamine | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Prorocentrum | OA, DPX, prorocentrolides (PLC), borbotoxin | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Chlorophyta | |||||||||||||||||
| Ulva | hemolysins | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Ochrophyta | |||||||||||||||||
| Amphora | DA | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
| Ochromonas | ichthyotoxic, hemolytic, and antispasmodic activities | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||