Table 1.
Characteristics of participants (in percentage)
| All sample (n 5112) | Big cities (n 1797) | Medium and small cities (n 1663) | Non-poor rural areas (n 833) | Rural poor areas (n 819) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parental characteristics | |||||
| Maternal ethnicity | |||||
| Han | 86·1 | 84·1 | 80·3 | 99·0 | 88·9 |
| Maternal age | |||||
| ≤ 25 years | 25·2 | 13·0 | 30·4 | 29·1 | 37·7 |
| 26–35 years | 63·3 | 69·7 | 60·4 | 65·3 | 53·4 |
| ≥36 years | 11·4 | 17·3 | 9·3 | 5·6 | 8·9 |
| Maternal education levels | |||||
| University or higher | 21·4 | 44·1 | 15·2 | 3·1 | 3·1 |
| High school or college | 36·5 | 39·0 | 40·2 | 40·9 | 19·3 |
| Junior high school | 34·9 | 15·1 | 34·3 | 54·0 | 60·1 |
| Primary or below | 7·1 | 1·8 | 10·3 | 1·9 | 17·6 |
| Maternal occupations | |||||
| White-collar or professionals | 36·0 | 57·1 | 33·0 | 21·5 | 10·4 |
| Industry related | 8·7 | 9·6 | 9·8 | 8·8 | 4·2 |
| Agriculture related | 17·3 | 2·8 | 15·0 | 16·6 | 54·3 |
| Unemployed related | 38·1 | 30·5 | 42·2 | 53·2 | 31·1 |
| Paternal education levels | |||||
| University or higher | 22·1 | 46·4 | 14·9 | 2·8 | 2·9 |
| High school or college | 35·3 | 38·1 | 38·1 | 35·8 | 23·2 |
| Junior high school | 35·8 | 13·8 | 37·8 | 57·4 | 58·1 |
| Primary or below | 6·8 | 1·7 | 9·3 | 4·1 | 15·8 |
| Paternal occupations | |||||
| White-collar or professionals | 48·2 | 70·0 | 47·1 | 35·3 | 15·9 |
| Industry related | 28·4 | 23·3 | 28·9 | 45·6 | 21·0 |
| Agriculture related | 18·5 | 2·9 | 18·2 | 17·4 | 54·6 |
| Unemployed related | 4·9 | 3·8 | 5·8 | 1·7 | 8·5 |
| Child and perinatal characteristics | |||||
| The first birth | 46·8 | 52·9 | 47·8 | 32·5 | 45·9 |
| The child was male | 50·2 | 50·4 | 50·5 | 50·1 | 49·2 |
| Had antenatal visits | 95·2 | 93·4 | 97·4 | 98·1 | 91·5 |
| Health facilities the mothers gave births | |||||
| National and provincial levels | 18·5 | 44·8 | 4·0 | 0·4 | 8·7 |
| Municipal level | 29·3 | 40·5 | 38·2 | 10·2 | 6·1 |
| County level | 50·3 | 10·1 | 57·5 | 88·2 | 85·2 |
| Others (mostly private) | 1·9 | 4·7 | 0·3 | 1·2 | 0·0 |
| Caesarean delivery | 38·8 | 33·9 | 43·2 | 48·0 | 30·9 |
| Long stay in health facility after births* | 32·5 | 27·8 | 29·0 | 15·6 | 67·0 |
| Had breastfeeding difficulties in hospital | 26·3 | 36·4 | 21·9 | 20·8 | 18·7 |
| Had breast-feeding difficulties after discharge | 26·5 | 39·8 | 20·0 | 20·0 | 17·3 |
| Hired a nanny or stayed in a postpartum care centre during the first month afterbirth | 7·6 | 16·6 | 4·9 | 1·1 | 0·1 |
| Hospital where the woman gave birth did not recommended breast-feeding supporting centre at discharge | 92·4 | 88·2 | 96·1 | 98·7 | 87·9 |
*
Long stay in health facility after births: vaginal births: ≥ 4 d; caesarean births: ≥ 7 d.