Table 2.
Factors associated with receiving free samples of infant formula among mothers with infants < 6 months old in China†,‡
| Any circumstances | During pregnancy | During hospital stay | After discharge | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n 5112) | (n 5112) | (n 5112) | (n 5112) | |||||
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Residence (reference: big cities) | ||||||||
| Small and medium cities | 0·94 | 0·52, 1·70 | 1·96* | 1·14, 3·38 | 1·44 | 0·72, 2·88 | 0·41 | 0·15, 1·12 |
| Non-poor rural areas | 1·76 | 0·64, 4·82 | 4·65** | 1·65, 13·14 | 2·06* | 1·04, 4·09 | 0·45 | 0·17, 1·19 |
| Poor rural areas | 0·56 | 0·19, 1·70 | 0·98 | 0·30, 3·19 | 1·55 | 0·63, 3·80 | 0·14*** | 0·05, 0·41 |
| Parental characteristics | ||||||||
| Maternal age (reference: ≤ 25 years) | ||||||||
| 26–35 years | 0·97 | 0·81, 1·17 | 1·04 | 0·82, 1·31 | 0·88 | 0·65, 1·18 | 1·03 | 0·73, 1·44 |
| 36+ years | 0·72 | 0·50, 1·02 | 0·77 | 0·41, 1·44 | 0·77 | 0·45, 1·33 | 0·77 | 0·49, 1·21 |
| Maternal ethnicity (reference: others) | ||||||||
| Han | 1·96* | 1·07, 3·58 | 1·31 | 0·67, 2·56 | 3·18* | 1·22, 8·27 | 2·24* | 1·05, 4·75 |
| Maternal education levels (reference: university or higher) | ||||||||
| High school or college | 1·01 | 0·77, 1·30 | 0·97 | 0·72, 1·31 | 0·92 | 0·54, 1·56 | 1·05 | 0·73, 1·51 |
| Junior high school | 1·13 | 0·74, 1·72 | 1·16 | 0·95, 1·41 | 1·26 | 0·59, 2·69 | 0·88 | 0·44, 1·77 |
| Primary or below | 0·72 | 0·35, 1·48 | 0·34* | 0·13, 0·86 | 0·95 | 0·29, 3·10 | 1·09 | 0·34, 3·51 |
| Maternal occupations (reference: white-collar or professionals) | ||||||||
| Industry related | 0·91 | 0·71, 1·18 | 1·04 | 0·74, 1·46 | 0·67 | 0·44, 1·02 | 0·90 | 0·60, 1·36 |
| Agriculture related | 0·74 | 0·44, 1·26 | 0·43* | 0·22, 0·83 | 0·54 | 0·19, 1·51 | 1·99* | 1·12, 3·54 |
| Unemployed | 1·01 | 0·73, 1·40 | 0·88 | 0·62, 1·23 | 0·62 | 0·33, 1·14 | 1·59*** | 1·24, 2·05 |
| Paternal education levels (reference: university or higher) | ||||||||
| High school or college | 1·23 | 0·94, 1·62 | 0·97 | 0·66, 1·41 | 1·39 | 0·76, 2·51 | 1·43* | 1·02, 2·00 |
| Junior high school | 0·98 | 0·77, 1·24 | 0·85 | 0·55, 1·32 | 0·84 | 0·35, 2·03 | 1·32 | 0·82, 2·12 |
| Primary or below | 0·92 | 0·54, 1·58 | 1·08 | 0·52, 2·27 | 0·35* | 0·12, 1·00 | 1·38 | 0·48, 3·96 |
| Paternal occupations (reference: white-collar or professionals) | ||||||||
| Industry related | 0·91 | 0·68, 1·22 | 0·94 | 0·67, 1·33 | 0·74 | 0·42, 1·30 | 0·94 | 0·61, 1·43 |
| Agriculture related | 0·67** | 0·51, 0·87 | 0·72 | 0·46, 1·15 | 1·26 | 0·79, 2·01 | 0·21*** | 0·13, 0·35 |
| Unemployed | 0·65 | 0·42, 1·00 | 0·58* | 0·35, 0·96 | 0·28 | 0·06, 1·24 | 0·83 | 0·36, 1·93 |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||
| The first birth | 1·01 | 0·85, 1·19 | 0·91 | 0·71, 1·16 | 0·99 | 0·68, 1·45 | 1·18 | 0·88, 1·59 |
| The child was male§ | 1·06 | 0·93, 1·20 | 1·00 | 0·71, 1·42 | 1·16 | 0·96, 1·40 | ||
| Age in months|| | 1·07** | 1·02, 1·13 | 1·10* | 1·00, 1·21 | ||||
| Perinatal characteristics | ||||||||
| Had antenatal visits | 0·99 | 0·71, 1·39 | 1·91 | 0·87, 4·20 | 0·44** | 0·26, 0·73 | 1·11 | 0·55, 2·25 |
| Health facilities the mothers gave births (reference: at national or provincial levels) | ||||||||
| Municipal level | 0·73 | 0·47, 1·14 | 0·95 | 0·57, 1·56 | 0·78 | 0·33, 1·84 | 0·51* | 0·29, 0·89 |
| County level | 0·49*** | 0·34, 0·72 | 0·55 | 0·28, 1·06 | 0·65 | 0·31, 1·35 | 0·41*** | 0·26, 0·63 |
| Others (mostly private facilities) | 2·20** | 1·22, 3·97 | 1·64 | 0·64, 4·22 | 2·72 | 0·85, 8·75 | 1·74* | 1·07, 2·84 |
| Caesarean births¶ | 1·22 | 1·00, 1·49 | 1·18 | 0·94, 1·49 | 0·99 | 0·75, 1·30 | ||
| Long stay in health facility after births†† | 0·90 | 0·61, 1·32 | 0·92 | 0·69, 1·24 | 0·64 | 0·32, 1·31 | ||
| Hired a nanny or stayed in a postpartum care centre during the first month afterbirth‡‡ | 0·88 | 0·41, 1·92 | 0·40 | 0·09, 1·72 | ||||
Values are adjusted OR and 95 % CI from survey multivariate logistic regression models.
Significantly different from the null value (OR of 1): *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01, ***P < 0·001.
Gender of the child was not controlled for since it was unknown during pregnancy.
Age in months was not controlled for since it is not related to receiving free samples of infant formula during pregnancy and hospital stay.
Caesarean births were not controlled for since it was unknown during pregnancy.
Long stay in health facility after births: vaginal births: ≥ 4 d; caesarean births: ≥ 7 d. It was not controlled for since it was unknown during pregnancy.
Hired a nanny or stayed in a postpartum care centre during the first month afterbirth was not controlled for since it happened after discharge.