Table 3.
Associate factors of receiving advice to feed the baby with infant formula among mothers with infants < 6 months old in China†,‡
| Any sources/circumstances (n 5112) | Hospitals (n 5112) | Traditional mass media§ (n 5112) | Modern mass media|| (n 5112) | Family members, relatives or friend (n 5112) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Residence (reference: big cities) | ||||||||||
| Small and medium cities | 0·83 | 0·45, 1·53 | 0·65 | 0·38, 1·11 | 0·57 | 0·27, 1·21 | 1·84** | 1·20, 2·80 | 0·94 | 0·29–3·00 |
| Non-poor rural areas | 0·69 | 0·34, 1·39 | 0·37*** | 0·21, 0·66 | 0·17*** | 0·06, 0·48 | 0·84 | 0·44, 1·62 | 1·31 | 0·52–3·31 |
| Poor rural areas | 0·73 | 0·39, 1·36 | 0·35* | 0·13, 0·91 | 0·51 | 0·20, 1·28 | 1·19 | 0·73, 1·94 | 1·80 | 0·67–4·84 |
| Parental characteristics | ||||||||||
| Maternal age (reference: ≤ 25 years) | ||||||||||
| 26–35 years | 1·14 | 0·93, 1·40 | 1·11 | 0·80, 1·54 | 1·33 | 0·87, 2·02 | 1·12 | 0·80, 1·56 | 1·10 | 0·73–1·64 |
| 36+ years | 1·25 | 0·93, 1·67 | 1·18 | 0·75, 1·87 | 2·13*** | 1·36, 3·34 | 1·20 | 0·77, 1·87 | 0·65 | 0·34–1·26 |
| Maternal ethnicity (reference: others) | ||||||||||
| Han | 1·30 | 0·93, 1·81 | 1·51 | 0·92, 2·49 | 1·13 | 0·61, 2·09 | 1·61** | 1·15, 2·27 | 0·62 | 0·32–1·23 |
| Maternal education levels (reference: university or higher) | ||||||||||
| High school or college | 1·08 | 0·91, 1·28 | 1·15 | 0·80, 1·66 | 1·38 | 0·80, 2·38 | 1·02 | 0·68, 1·53 | 0·89 | 0·60–1·30 |
| Junior high school | 0·90 | 0·71, 1·15 | 1·11 | 0·79, 1·57 | 1·12 | 0·51, 2·43 | 0·73 | 0·43, 1·23 | 0·70 | 0·27–1·80 |
| Primary or below | 0·65* | 0·44, 0·96 | 1·23 | 0·75, 2·00 | 0·72 | 0·24, 2·18 | 0·49 | 0·23, 1·07 | 0·65 | 0·20–·16 |
| Maternal occupations (reference: white-collar or professionals) | ||||||||||
| Industry related | 1·14 | 0·82, 1·58 | 0·90 | 0·50, 1·63 | 0·94 | 0·43, 2·06 | 1·53*** | 1·23, 1·91 | 1·66* | 1·02–2·72 |
| Agriculture related | 0·74 | 0·46, 1·21 | 0·93 | 0·46, 1·86 | 0·63 | 0·23, 1·71 | 1·17 | 0·67, 2·03 | 0·50 | 0·13–1·94 |
| Unemployed | 0·99 | 0·81, 1·21 | 0·97 | 0·75, 1·27 | 0·88 | 0·66, 1·17 | 1·19 | 0·91, 1·57 | 1·21 | 0·77–1·90 |
| Paternal education levels (reference: university or higher) | ||||||||||
| High school or college | 1·26 | 0·90, 1·77 | 1·29 | 0·89, 1·88 | 0·90 | 0·66, 1·22 | 1·08 | 0·72, 1·61 | 1·09 | 0·46–2·57 |
| Junior high school | 1·10 | 0·71, 1·72 | 1·11 | 0·69, 1·78 | 0·84 | 0·41, 1·71 | 1·09 | 0·68, 1·73 | 0·86 | 0·25–2·89 |
| Primary or below | 1·34 | 0·75, 2·39 | 1·47 | 0·68, 3·17 | 0·55 | 0·19, 1·61 | 1·05 | 0·54, 2·05 | 0·40 | 0·06–2·91 |
| Paternal occupations (reference: white-collar or professionals) | ||||||||||
| Industry related | 0·86 | 0·72, 1·02 | 0·86 | 0·68, 1·08 | 1·44** | 1·10, 1·89 | 0·87 | 0·64, 1·19 | 0·86 | 0·58–1·27 |
| Agriculture related | 0·59** | 0·43, 0·81 | 0·80 | 0·47, 1·37 | 0·77 | 0·28, 2·13 | 0·46*** | 0·31, 0·71 | 0·41 | 0·10–1·72 |
| Unemployed | 0·74 | 0·47, 1·15 | 0·78 | 0·36, 1·67 | 0·69 | 0·32, 1·49 | 0·43* | 0·22, 0·84 | 1·65 | 0·63–4·31 |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||||
| The first birth | 1·20 | 0·96, 1·51 | 1·13 | 0·91, 1·39 | 1·30 | 0·89, 1·88 | 1·17 | 0·93, 1·47 | 1·24 | 0·71–2·15 |
| The child was male | 1·03 | 0·90, 1·18 | 1·11 | 0·88, 1·38 | 1·01 | 0·78, 1·29 | 0·93 | 0·79, 1·08 | 1·04 | 0·78–1·39 |
| Age in months | 1·10** | 1·03, 1·18 | 1·00 | 0·92, 1·08 | 1·09 | 0·99, 1·19 | 1·12** | 1·04, 1·19 | 1·21*** | 1·10–1·33 |
| Perinatal characteristics | ||||||||||
| Had antenatal visits | 1·20 | 0·86, 1·68 | 0·77 | 0·46, 1·28 | 1·00 | 0·44, 2·26 | 1·15 | 0·87, 1·52 | 2·33 | 0·75–7·23 |
| Health facilities the mothers gave births (reference: at national or provincial levels) | ||||||||||
| Municipal level | 0·76* | 0·61, 0·96 | 0·66*** | 0·53, 0·82 | 1·02 | 0·59, 1·76 | 0·58** | 0·38, 0·86 | 1·77* | 1·10–2·85 |
| County level | 0·64** | 0·47, 0·86 | 0·58*** | 0·43, 0·78 | 0·69 | 0·44, 1·08 | 0·37*** | 0·24, 0·55 | 2·26* | 1·03–4·92 |
| Others (mostly private facilities) | 1·11 | 0·50, 2·47 | 0·63 | 0·30, 1·31 | 0·34*** | 0·24, 0·47 | 0·32*** | 0·17, 0·60 | 0·47 | 0·12–1·87 |
| Caesarean births | 1·21 | 0·97, 1·52 | 1·15 | 0·86, 1·54 | 1·06 | 0·84, 1·35 | 0·98 | 0·68, 1·41 | 1·22 | 0·92–1·64 |
| Long stay in health facility after births†† | 0·83 | 0·67, 1·01 | 1·03 | 0·86, 1·22 | 1·09 | 0·83, 1·42 | 0·96 | 0·70, 1·31 | 0·74 | 0·47–1·16 |
| Hired a nanny or stayed in a postpartum care centre during the first month afterbirth | 1·13 | 0·71, 1·80 | 1·11 | 0·83, 1·49 | 1·33 | 0·91, 1·94 | 1·00 | 0·71, 1·41 | 0·40–2·12 | |
| Breastfeeding difficulties in hospital | 1·53*** | 1·24, 1·89 | 1·42* | 1·05, 1·92 | 0·96 | 0·65, 1·39 | 1·54*** | 1·21, 1·97 | 1·60*** | 1·23–2·09 |
| Breast-feeding difficulties after discharge | 1·36** | 1·10, 1·69 | 1·19 | 0·93, 1·53 | 0·91 | 0·70, 1·20 | 1·14 | 0·85, 1·52 | 2·37*** | 1·69–3·33 |
| Hospital where the woman gave birth did not recommended breast-feeding support centre at discharge | 1·01 | 0·75, 1·35 | 1·05 | 0·78, 1·43 | 0·75 | 0·42, 1·34 | 0·85 | 0·65, 1·10 | 0·76 | 0·39–1·50 |
†
Values are adjusted OR and 95 % CI from survey multivariate logistic regression.
‡
Significantly different from the null value (OR of 1): *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01, ***P < 0·001.
§
Traditional mass media: TV, radio, magazine or book.
||
Modern mass media: Websites, online shopping malls, websites and platform from hospitals or doctors, and social media such as Weibo and WeChat.
††
Long stay in health facility after births: vaginal births: ≥ 4 d; caesarean births: ≥ 7 d.