Table 1.

Comparison of detection limits obtained in the present study with some established methods using AuNPs as a probe.

Type of AuNPs	LOD (M)	Reference
Unmodified	1.59 × 10−9	[20]
Unmodified	3.17 × 10−6	[13]
Gold (during formation)	8.00 × 10−9	[12]
Gold (non-aggregation)	8.00 × 10−10	[14]
3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonate modified	8.00 × 10−9	[19]
Bare AuNPs (8 nm)	3.96 × 10−7 (visual) 1.56 × 10−9 (UV–VIS)	[16]
Synthetic AuNPs (5 nm)	1.00 × 10−9 (visual) 1.00 × 10−11 (UV–VIS)	This work