Table 2.
Associations of different types of fish intake with TMAO.
| First Author | Year | Study Design | Cod | Farmed Salmon | Halibut | Herring | Mackerel | Sardine | swordfish | Shellfish | Clam | Tuna | Trout | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang AQ # | 1999 | Clinical trial | ↑↑ 5135.3 |
↑↑ 8230.2 |
↑↑ 4345 |
↑ 1424.1 |
↑ 2769.4 |
↑ 1562 |
= 377.1 |
= 301.8 |
= 495.2 |
[12] | ||
| Yu D | 2019 | Case-control multicentre | ↑↑ * | ↑↑ * | ↑↑ * | ↑↑ * | ↑↑ * | ↑↑ * | ↑↑ * | ↑↑ * | ↑↑ * | ↑↑ * | = | [27] |
| Hagen IV | 2020 | RCT | ↑↑ | ↑ | [33] | |||||||||
| Hamaya R | 2020 | Retrospective | ↑↑ | ↑? | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | [34] |
TMA and TMAO: ↑↑ > 4000; ↑ 1000–3999; = less than 1000 mmol/8 h; # urinary TMAO production from foods following human ingestion (227 g); * only fried; RCT: randomised clinical trial.