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. 2021 Apr 24;13(5):1450. doi: 10.3390/nu13051450

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Factor involved in (brown adipose tissue) BAT development. In humans, modulation of BAT occurs during gestation and continues during lactation through lifestyle and maternal BMI. A preterm or low birth weight babies may have a dysregulation of the IGF-1 pathway. Breast milk rich in AGKs and MFGM-PL appears to promote BAT. An early introduction of solid food (before 4-month-old age) is related to a lower activity of the sympathetic nervous system on BAT. Later, in childhood and adolescence exercise and an intake of omega-3 seems to promote BAT development. Gut microbiota can be modulated by environmental factors that appear to promote BAT and its activation (cold exposure, fasting or caloric restriction, prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics). Made by © BioRender 2021.