Table 4.
The developed protein microarray-based tests for COVID-19 detection.
| Manufacturer | Test | Target | Microarray Content | Sensitivity | Specificity | Format | Regulatory Status | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quotient Limited SAÂ [29] | MosaiQ ™ COVID-19 Antibody Microarray | IgG, IgM directed to SARS-CoV-2 S protein | SARS-CoV-2 S protein antigens | Varies based on the phase of the disease (71–100%) | 99.8% | High-throughput automated Immunoassay-Antibody employing enhancement reagent to enable silver to nucleate on the gold nanoparticles | FDA EUA—CE-IVD | 35 min for the first microarray, 24 s for each next microarray. |
| PEPperPRINT GmbH [114] | PEPperCHIP® SARS-CoV-2 Proteome Microarray | IgG, IgA, and IgM | The whole proteome of SARS-CoV-2 (GenBank ID: MN908947.3) translated into overlapping peptides | (No info) | (No info) | Manual-One single peptide array | CE-IVD | For vaccine development, or screen viral antigens to find and characterize immunodominant epitopes for in-vitro diagnostics research |
| PEPperPRINT GmbH [115] | PEPperCHIP® SARS-CoV Antigen Microarray | SARS-CoV-2 specific Antibodies | S, N, M and E antigens | (No info) | no cross-reactivity | Manual- Containing three array copies per microarray, with 998 antigen specific peptides printed in duplicate | CE-IVD | including a two-day experimental workflow |
| PEPperPRINT GmbH [116] | PEPperCHIP® Pan-Corona Spike Protein Microarray | Antibodies against S antigen | S proteins derived from seven coronaviruses translated into overlapping peptides | (No info) | (No info) | One array with 4564 peptides in duplicate | RUO | For Serum antibody fingerprint analysis, Immune monitoring and Epitope studies |
| Nirmidas Biotech, Inc. [117] | pGOLD™ COVID-19 IgG/IgM Assay Kit | IgG and IgM against S1 subunit and rbd domain of S |
Three SARS-CoV-2 specific antigens | Sensitivity > 87% for IgM 5 days post symptom, ~100% for IgG and IgM 15 days post symptom onset | >99.5 | Automated semi-Quantitative Microarray Based High Throughput ELISA-like COVID-19 array | RUO | 48 samples with controls in each run, read by western blot reader or Nirmidas’ MidaScan™instument |
| Sengenics Corporation Pte Ltd. [118] | ImmuSAFE™ Respiratory Virus Protein Microarray | SARS-CoV-2 specific Antibodies | Multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins, N from 5 other human Coronaviruses as well as Influenza A and B HA antigen subtypes | (No info) | (No info) | Manual or automated single and double-colour fluorescently-labelled antibody assay | RUO | The key application is for research and development purposes |
| Sengenics Corporation Pte Ltd. [119] | ImmuSAFE™ COVID+ Biochip Test | SARS-CoV-2 specific Antibodies | Multiple SARS-CoV-2 specific domains (N and S) including full-length and numerous truncated versions | (No info) | (No info) | Single-colour fluorescently-labelled antibody assay, and Dual-colour fluorescently-labelled antibody assays for quantitative analysis | RUO | 24 arrays per slide (24 samples per slide)—Key applications are vaccine clinical trials and seroprevalence research studies. |