Table 1.
Physicochemical properties of hydrophilic solutes.
| Solute |
Mw (Daltons) |
ρ (g/cm3) |
D (cm2/s × 10−5) at 37 °C |
re (nm) | r0 (nm) | r (nm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formamide (1-14C) | 45.04 | 1.133 | 2.20 (a) | 0.14 (h) | 0.25 (j) | 0.19 (k) |
| Acetamide (1-14C) | 59.07 | 1.160 | 1.75 (a) | 0.17 (h) | 0.27 (j) | 0.22 (k) |
| Ethylene glycol (1,2-14C) | 62.1 | 1.113 | 1.59 (b) | 0.19 (h) | 0.28 (j) | 0.23 (k) |
| Glycine (1-14C) | 75.1 | 1.161 | 1.38 (c) | 0.22 (h) | 0.29 (j) | 0.25 (k) |
| D-Arabinose (1-14C) | 150.1 | 1.625 | 1.06 (d) | 0.29 (h) | 0.33 (j) | 0.31 (k) |
| D-Mannitol (1-14C) | 182.2 | 1.520 | 0.91 (e) | 0.35 (h) | 0.36 (j) | 0.36 (k) |
| Sucrose (14C(U)) | 342.3 | 1.587 | 0.72 (d) | 0.43 (h) | 0.44 (j) | 0.44 (k) |
| 5-Carboxyfluorescein | 376.3 | - | 0.64 (f) | 0.49 (h) | - | 0.49 |
| Sulforhodamine B | 558.7 | - | 0.46 (f) | 0.68 (h) | - | 0.68 |
| FITC-4 kDa dextran | ~4457 | - | 0.157 (g) | 1.61 (i) | - | 1.61 |
| FITC-10 kDa dextran | ~9479 | - | 0.106 (g) | 2.29 (i) | - | 2.29 |
D was obtained from (a) Gary-Bobo and Weber [27], (b) Byers and King [28], (c) Longsworth [29], (d) Mogi et al. [30], (e) Peck et al. [31], (f) the Wilke-Chang equation [32] D = [ 7.4 × 10−8 × ( 2.6 · M )1/2 · T]/[η · V0.6], where M is molecular weight of water, T is absolute temperature (300 K), η is viscosity of water (0.7 mPa·s) and V is molecular volume and (g) Deen et al. [33]; re was calculated from (h) the Stokes–Einstein equation re = ( k · T )/( 6 · π · η · D ), where k is the Boltzmann constant (1.38 × 10−23 J/K); (i) re = 0.33 × ( Mw )0.463 [26]; (j) r0 was calculated from r0 = ( 3 · Mw )/( 4 · π · ρ · N )1/3, where ρ is density and N is Avogadro’s number (6.02214 × 1023) [25]; and (k) r was calculated as ( re + r0 )/2.