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. 2021 Apr 26;13(5):1466. doi: 10.3390/nu13051466

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Gallic acid and chlorogenic acid (0–10 mM) relative choline percentage increase effect against choline-supplemented (100 µM) conditions (A,B). Gallic acid and chlorogenic acid (0.1–10 mM) relative TMA percentage decrease effect against choline-supplemented (100 µM) conditions (C,D). All fermentations were carried out at optimal conditions (fecal slurry 20% and choline 100 µM). Results are expressed as mean (%) ± SEM (n = 6). Different letters indicate statistical differences (p < 0.05) by one-way ANOVA (Tukey’s post hoc test). Abbreviations: TMA, trimethylamine; GA, gallic acid; and Chl, chlorogenic acid.