Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies (N = 16).
| Author | Year | Country | Mean age (years) | N | Female (%) | Neurological disorder | Theory | Intervention | Length (weeks) | Control | Coaching |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boele35,e | 2018 | Netherlands | 44.9 | 82 | 54.9 | Glioma | CBT | Online sessions | 5 | WLC | Human |
| Bromberg40,e | 2011 | USA | 42.6 | 185 | 89.2 | Migraine | SCT | Online sessions | 4 | TAU | Digital |
| Conroy44,e | 2018 | USA | 51.0 | 51 | 58.8 | Multiple sclerosis | Wagnera | Online sessions | 24 | Exercise prescriptions | Human |
| Dilorio45,e | 2011 | USA | 40.9 | 148 | 73.6 | Epilepsy | Mixedb | Online sessions | 6 | WLC | Digital |
| Gahari10,e | 2010 | Australia | 50.3 | 95 | 81.1 | Multiple sclerosis | SCT | Online sessions | 7 | No intervention | Human |
| Kannan43,e | 2019 | USA | 55.8 | 30 | 70.0 | Multiple sclerosis | MCT | Online sessions | 8 | WLC | Digital |
| Knoop34,f | 2008 | The Netherlands | 37.6 | 171 | 79.3 | Chronic fatigue syndrome | CBT | Booklet+email/telephone | 16 or moreg | WLC | Human |
| Raina32,e | 2016 | USA | 46.2 | 38 | 44.7 | Traumatic brain injury | Mixedc | Online sessions via Web camera | 8 | Health education via Web camera | Human |
| Houlihan42,f | 2017 | USA | 45.7 | 84 | 26.2 | Spinal cord injury | HETd | Resource guide+telephone/text/email | 24 | Resource guide+TAU | Human |
| janse36,f | 2016 | Netherlands | Not reported | 100 | 68.0 | Chronic fatigue syndrome | CBT | Booklet+email | 24 | WLC | Human |
| Moss-Morris37,f | 2012 | UK | Not reported | 45 | 80.0 | Multiple sclerosis | CBT | Online sessions+email+telephone | 10 | TAU | Human+digital |
| Sajatovic41,f | 2018 | USA | 41.3 | 120 | 68.1 | Epilepsy | SCT | Face-to-face session+online sessions via web conferencing | 10 | WLC | Human |
| Sorbi33,e | 2015 | Netherlands | 43.6 | 368 | 86.0 | Migraine | CBT | Online sessions | 14.4h | WLC | Human |
| Thompson39,e | 2019 | USA | 41.2 | 107 | 66.4 | Epilepsy | CBT | Online sessions/telephone | 8 | TAU | Human |
| Tiejen38,e | 2018 | USA | 45.0 | 11 | 21.3 | Multiple sclerosis | CBT | Online sessions | 8 | No intervention | Digital |
| Van Kessel31,e | 2016 | New Zealand | 45.0 | 39 | 74.4 | Multiple sclerosis | CBT | Online sessions | 8 | Online sessions | Human |
a
Wagner’s Chronic Care Model.
b
SCT, motivational interviewing and trans-theoretical model of behaviour change.
c
Problem-solving therapy and behaviour activation therapy.
d
Health empowerment theory.
e
Fully digital intervention.
f
Partially digital intervention.
g
Intervention will last longer if patients formulated long-term goals.
h
Mean completion time of the self-paced intervention.
SCT: Social Cognitive Theory; CBT: Cognitive–Behavioural Theory; MCT: motor control theory; WLC: waitlist control; TAU: treatment as usual.