Figure 2.

Influence of bacteria found in tissue on response to cancer chemotherapy treatment. (A) Oral absorption of cyclophosphamide induces transmucosal translocation of specific bacteria, such as Enterococcus hirae and species belonging to the Lactobacillus genus (Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus murinus), in the mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen. This leads to T-helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation, enhancing the adaptive antitumor immune response to CTX. (B) The presence of Mycoplasma hominis in the tumor leads to resistance to gemcitabine treatment via their enzymes catabolizing nucleoside analogous. Illustrations were created partially with biorender.com.