Table 1.
Magnesium and serum lipids interplay in patients with a normal health status and patients diagnosed with dyslipidemia or related disorders.
| Author and Year | Condition | Number of Patients |
Method of Mg Determination |
Main Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barragán et al. (2020) [8] | Cardiometabolic risk factors: T2DM, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension | 492 | Serum, urine (spectrometry) |
Prevalence of hypoMg = 19% Hypercholesterolemia: Mg ↑; T2DM: Mg ↓ HypoMg-T2DM association (OR: 3.36, 95% CI: 1.26–8.96, p = 0.016) TC, LDL-C associated with Mg quartiles ↑ Hypercholesterolemia in 4th versus 1st quartile of Mg levels (OR: 3.12; 95% CI: 1.66–5.85, p < 0.001) |
| Bersohn and Oelofse (1957) [9] | Healthy | 100 | Serum (spectrophotometry) |
Normal TC—normal Mg ↓ TC–↑ Mg Hypercholesterolemia: ↓ Mg |
| Petersen et al. (1976) [10] | Hypercholesterolemia Hypertriglyceridemia |
17 | Serum (spectrophotometry) |
3 g/day of MgO for 6 weeks: no effect on TC, TG |
| Liu et al. (2020) [11] | Dyslipidemia | 1466 | Serum (spectrophotometry) |
↑ TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C (p < 0.001) ↓ Mg (p = 0.002) ↑ Dyslipidemia in the 4th versus 1st Mg quartile (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–1.9, p = 0.023) |
| Jin and Nicodemus-Johnson (2018) [12] | Healthy | 12,284 | Serum (method unspecified) |
(+) association of Mg intake and HDL-C in ♀ (−) association of Mg intake and TC/HDL-C ratio in ♀ (−) association of Mg intake and TG in ♀ and ♂ |
| Randell et al. (2008) [15] | Healthy | 1318 | Serum (spectroscopy) |
(+) association of Mg and TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG |
| Guerrero-Romero et al. (2019) [16] | Healthy | 529 | Serum (method unspecified) |
Mg and K supplementation ↓ TG |
| Fu et al. (2012) [19] | Healthy | 42 | Serum (method unspecified) |
deep sea water (395 Mg mg/L) ↓ TC, LDL-C and HDL-C versus MgCl2 fortified (386 Mg mg/L) or reverse osmotic water |
| Nerbrand et al. (2003) [20] | CV risk factors | 207 | Serum, whole blood, muscle, urine (method unspecified) |
No correlation of Mg content in water and CV risk factors |
| Luoma et al. (1973) [21] | CV risk factors | 300 | Serum (method unspecified) |
No correlation of Mg in drinking water and CV risk factors (TG, TC) |
| Balliett et al. (2013) [22] | Healthy | 49 | Serum (method unspecified) |
Low-energy dietary interventions (+ Mg) ↓ TC, LDL-C, TG and HDL-C |
| de Los Rios (1963) [23] | Schizophrenia | 28 | Serum (method unspecified) |
Controlled diet (Mg > RDV): no associations of ΔTC and ΔMg |
| Cocate et al. (2013) [24] | Healthy | 296 | Serum (method unspecified) |
Association of ↑Mg intake and oxLDL |
| Ruel et al. (2014) [25] | Multimorbidity, Hypercholesterolemia | 1020 | Serum (method unspecified) |
↑ consumption of cereals (r = 0.60, p < 0.0001), fruits and vegetables (r = 0.49, p < 0.0001) associated with ↑ Mg and ↓ multimorbidity |
| Bain et al. (2015) [26] | Healthy | 4443 | Serum (method unspecified) |
Inverse correlation of Mg intake and TC in ♂ (p = 0.02) and ♀ (p = 0.04) |
| Samavarchi Tehrani et al. (2020) [27] | Dyslipidemia | 447 | Serum (method unspecified) |
Mg levels associated with dyslipidemia in embolic stroke (p = 0.012) |
| Kim et al. (2014) [28] | Healthy | 1566 | Serum (method unspecified) |
(+) association of Mg intake and HDL-C (p = 0.001), HDL-2 (p = 0.018), HDL-3 (p = 0.013) |
| Kim and Choi (2013) [29] | Healthy | 258 | Serum (method unspecified) |
↑ Mg intake, ↑ TG (p < 0.05), ↓ HDL-C (p < 0.01), ↑ AIP (p < 0.001) in ♂ |
| Cao et al. (2015) [30] | Healthy | 2837 | Serum, urine (method unspecified) |
(+) association of ↑ serum Mg and TC (p < 0.001), HDL-C (p < 0.001), LDL-C (p = 0.001), TG (p < 0.001) (−) association of ↑ serum Mg and non-HDL-C/HDL-C (p = 0.003) (+) association of Mg/creatinine ratio in urine and TC (p = 0.004), HDL-C (p = 0.003) and LDL-C (p = 0.009) |
| López-González et al. (2014) [31] | Post-menopause | 78 | Serum (method unspecified) |
Mg in red blood cells, not serum Mg, correlates with TG (r = 0.287, p = 0.011) |
| Yamori et al. [32] | Hypercholesterolemia | 4211 | Serum, urine (method unspecified) |
↑ hypercholesterolemia, ↑ TC in lower versus higher 24-h urinary Mg/creatinine ratios (p < 0.001 for trend for both) ↑ hypercholesterolemia in the lowest versus the highest quintiles of 24-h Mg/creatinine urinary ratios (OR = 2.73; 95% CI 2.03 to 3.67; p < 0.001) |
| Guerrero-Romero and Rodriguez-Moran (2013) [33] | Overweight/obesity | 427 | Serum (method unspecified) |
NW and MHO: ↑ Mg (p = 0.04 and p = 0.01, respectively), ↓ TG (p < 0.0005 for both) MONW: (−) Mg-TG correlation Obese and non-obese: ↓ Mg associated with hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.5–2.46 and OR = 6.67, 95% CI 2.1–20.4, respectively) |
| Lefebvre et al. (2014) [34] | Obesity | 267 | Serum (method unspecified) |
No Mg-TG correlation in candidates for bariatric surgery |
| Guerrero-Romero et al. (2016) [37] | Obesity | 681 | Serum (method unspecified) |
↓ HDL-C, ↑ TG in ↓ Mg versus normal Mg groups |
| Farsinejad-Marj et al. (2020) [39] | PCOS | 60 | Serum (method unspecified) |
250 mg/day Mg oxide for 8 weeks: no effect on TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C |
| Cutler et al. (2019) [40] | PCOS | 137 | Serum (method unspecified) |
Mg-rich diet ↓ insulin resistance and ↑ HDL-C (p = 0.02 for both) |
Mg, magnesium. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus. CV, cardiovascular. PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome. hypoMg, hypomagnesemia. OR, odds ratio. CI, confidence interval. ↑, increased. ↓, decreased. (+), positive. (−), negative. ♂, male. ♀, female. MgO, Mg oxide. HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. TC, total cholesterol. TG, triglycerides. VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. apoA1, apolipoprotein A1. oxLDL, oxidized LDL. RDV, recommended dietary value. Δ, variation. MgCl2, Mg chloride. mg, milligrams. g, grams. mL, milliliter. K, potassium. MONW, metabolically obese normal-weight. NW, normal weight.