Table 1.
Eye-tracking, EEG, EDA, and HRV parameters in non-dyslexic and dyslexic children; significant p values are marked as bold.
| Parameters | Reading | p Value * | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Dyslexic (n = 18) | Dyslexic (n = 18) | ||
| Reading duration | |||
| RD (s) | 16.4 (11.9–23.5) | 54.6 (26.1–70.7) | 0.002 |
| EEG parameters (relative band-power) a | |||
| Alpha | −5 (−11 to +9) | −3 (−6 to +8) | 0.772 |
| Beta | 3 (−7 to +13) | 6 (−2 to +13) | 0.477 |
| Delta | −10 (−17 to +30) | 3 (−11 to+18) | 0.809 |
| Theta | −8 (−13 to +8) | 3 (−7 to +9) | 0.296 |
| Broadband | −8 (−14 to +26) | 5 (−13 to +17) | 0.851 |
| Eye-tracking parameters | |||
| Fixation count | 25 (23–30) | 35.5 (29–67) | <0.001 |
| Fixation frequency (count/s) | 1.5 (1.37–1.80) | 1.1 (0.6–1.6) | 0.036 |
| Fixation duration total (s) | 15.1 (10.8–21.6) | 48.3 (23.9–59.4) | 0.001 |
| Fixation duration average (ms) | 593.8 (518.2–696.5) | 809.7 (575.8–1586.9) | 0.071 |
| Saccade count | 24 (20–28) | 29.5 (25–42) | 0.003 |
| Saccade frequency (count/s) | 1.45 (1.28–1.60) | 0.90 (0.50–1.40) | 0.013 |
| Saccade duration total (ms) | 469.7 (434.1–538.2) | 736.5 (583.8–1509.7) | <0.001 |
| Saccade duration average (ms) | 20.1 (18.9–21.7) | 23.1 (21.0–33.0) | 0.004 |
| EDA value | |||
| EDA (μS) | 8.29 (6.04–12.01) | 5.67 (4.67–7.47) | 0.012 |
| HRV parameters | |||
| Mean RR (ms) | 659.4 (596.2–705.5) | 693.6 (645.4–759.4) | 0.092 |
| STD RR (ms) | 39.7 (22.2–57.3) | 42.6 (32.5–59.9) | 0.631 |
| Mean HR (beats/min) | 91.0 (84.4–100.6) | 86.5 (79.0–92.9) | 0.244 |
| STD HR (beats/min) | 6.28 (3.66–7.61) | 5.22 (4.47–6.78) | 0.988 |
| RMSSD (ms) | 50.9 (26.2–77.6) | 44.7 (33.5–76.2) | 0.527 |
| CVRR = SDRR/MeanRR (ms) | 0.08 (0.04–0.10) | 0.07 (0.06–0.09) | 0.828 |
Results are presented as median (25–75 percentile). * Mann–Whitney U test (exact p value). a EEG parameters are presented as difference from baseline (minus is decreasing trend from thebaseline while plus is increasing trend from the baseline).