Table 2.
Characteristics of studies included only in the systematic review.
| Study ID (Country) |
No of Participants (F/M) | Mean Age (Years) | Population | MD Assessment Tool | WC (cm) |
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | TG (mg/dL) |
FBG (mg/dL) |
SBP (mmHg) |
Measure of Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alvarez-Leon 2006 (Canary Islands) [39] |
578 (329/249) |
≥18 1 | General population | Semi-quant FFQ 81 to calculate Specific food item score (10-item) [39] | L = 1 H = 0.77 [0.38–1.56] |
L = 1 H = 0.90 [0.56–1.42] |
L = 1 H = 1.05 [0.63–1.75] |
L = 1 H = 2.46 [1.13–5.37] * |
L = 1 H = 0.58 [0.34–0.99] * |
OR [95%CI] |
| Aridi 2020 (Australia) [95] |
3245 (1753/1492) |
48.6 (17.6) | General population | Trichopoulou MDS [21] | L = 94.5 (14.7) H = 90.7 (13.3) * |
L = 88.7% H= 89.9% |
L = 83.1% H = 85.8% |
L = 6.1% H = 5.7% |
L = 123.6 (18.8) H = 122.1 (18.4) |
Mean (SD)/ %Prevalence |
| Barnaba 2020 (Italy) [96] |
349 (228/121) |
18–86 1 | General population | MD serving score [35] | No info | L + M = 52.2 (11.1) H = 52.2 (13.4) |
L + M = 107.5 (54.4) H = 110 (43.42) |
L + M = 98.1 (12.2) H = 103.5 (11.76) |
No info | Mean (SD) |
| Huang 2013 (Sweden) [40] |
187 (0/187) |
70 | Elderly population with CKD | Modified Trichopoulou MDS 14-item [21] | L = 97 (10) H = 97 (11) |
L = 47 (14) H = 48 (14) |
L = 127.8 (59.9) H = 122.2 (70.8) |
L = 103 (20) H = 106 (28) |
L = 149 (19) H = 148 (19) |
Mean (SD) |
| Karayiannis 2017 (Greece) [97] |
142 (0/142) |
37.8 (5.4) | Subjects without systemic diseases, cryptorchidism or varicocele, microorchidism, vasectomy or hormonal treatment in the last six months |
MDS by Panagiotakos 0–55 points [31] | No info | L = 49.4 (11.3) H = 50.4 (10.6) |
L = 107.9 (39.3) H = 84.3 (27.1) |
L = 89.6 (9.1) H = 86.4 (8.3) |
No info | Mean (SD) |
| Kesse-Geyot 2013 (France) [98] |
1881 (668/1213) |
49.7 (6.2) | General population | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] | L = 84.21 (0.9) H = 82.8 (0.96) |
L = 58 (1.19) H = 58.8 (1.2) |
L = 88.5 (35.4) H = 84.07 (2.65) |
L = 90.7 (0.4) H = 90.4 (0.7) |
L = 128.7 (1.4) H = 127.67 (1.42) |
Mean (SD) |
| Kim 2018 (Korea) [99] |
2349 (1159/1190) |
19–65 1 | General population | Modified MDS -9 points [41] | L = 1 H = 0.45 [0.31–0.66] * |
L = 1 H = 0.89 [0.70–1.13] * |
L = 1 H = 0.72 [0.55–0.94] * |
L = 1 H = 0.83 [0.63–1.10] * |
L = 1 H = 0.99 [0.74–1.34] * |
OR |
| Mahdavi-Roshnan 2017 (Iran) [100] |
344 (154/190) |
L = 59.0 (8.30) H = 58.0 (9.36) |
Subjects with CVD risk factors | PREDIMED MEDAS score -14 points [33] |
No info | L = 42.81 (8.34) H = 43.3 (8.23) |
L = 209.61 (399.33) H = 155.83 (87.63) |
L = 116.4 (66.9) H = 105.9 (66.1) |
No info | OR/ Mean (SD) |
| Mattei 2017 (US) [101] |
1194 (No info) |
L = 56.6 (7.9) H = 57.2 (7.7) |
Subjects with no severe health conditions or cognitive impairments | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] | L = 103 (14) H = 102 (13) * |
L = 46.3 (12.5) H = 45.96 (12.3) |
L = 163 (93) H = 165 (127) |
L = 115 (53) H = 112 (36) * |
L = 135 (19) H = 137 (20) |
Mean (SD) |
| Mayr 2019 (Australia) [102] |
37 (No info) |
No info | Patients with coronary heart disease | PREDIMED MEDAS score 14—item [33] | L = 103.5 (3.4) H = 100.7 (3.3) * |
L = 48.7 (6.5) H = 46.02 (6.1) |
L = 102.75 (33.9) H = 115.15 (36.8) |
L = 91.6 (13.40) H = 99 (13.30) |
L = 136.5 (10.4) H = 133.4 (10.2) |
Mean (SD) |
| Mirmiran 2015 (Iran) [103] |
1683 (927/756) |
L = 36.3 (13.3) H = 41.3 (13.8) |
General population | Trichopoulou MDS—8 points [21] | L = 1 H = 0.74 [0.48–1.13] |
L = 1 H = 0.82 [0.48–1.40] * |
L = 1 H = 0.81 [0.56–1.17] * |
L = 1 H = 1.01 [0.73–1.39] |
L = 1 H = 0.86 [0.64–1.22] |
OR |
| Mziwira 2015 (Morocco) [104] |
90 (90/0) |
39.9 (0.66) | General non-pregnant population | Specific MDS- 0%–100% [42] | L = 1 H = 0.54 [0.13–2.27] |
L = 1 H = 0.29 [0.02–3.02] |
L = 1 H = 0.47 [0.04–4.94] |
L = 1 H = 0.27 [0.05–1.49] |
L = 1 H = 0.77 [0.19–3.15] |
OR |
| Roldan 2019 (Spain) [105] |
107 (58/49) |
61.16 (23) | Overweight/Obese T2DM patients with poor glycemic control | PREDIMED MEDAS score—14 points [33] | Νo info | L = 48.29 H = 52.45 * |
L = 223.56 H = 171.23 ** |
L = 201.14 H = 132.88 * |
Νo info | Mean |
| Rumawas 2009 (US) [106] |
1069 (608/461) |
L = 52.4 (9.9) H = 54.8 (9.6) |
Non-diabetic general population | The MSDPS—100 points [36] | L = 98.5 H = 97.1 ** |
L = 53.3 H = 54 * |
L = 114 H = 103 ** |
L= 98.5 H = 97.1 * |
L = 122 H = 121 |
Geometric mean |
| Steffen 2014 (US) [44] |
865 (511/354) |
L = 24.3 H = 25.7 |
General population | Modified Trichopoulou MDS—22 points [21] | L = 59.4% H = 41.9% ** |
L = 68.4% H = 59.3% * |
L = 37.3% H = 21.6% ** |
L= 21.3% H = 19.1% * |
L= 49.2% H = 40.4% * |
%Prevalence |
| Tortosa 2007 (Spain) [107] |
1040 (No info) |
No info | Graduate students | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] | L = 82.5 (12) H = 82 (12) * |
L = 63.8 (15) H = 64.1 (19) * |
L = 80.0 (38) H = 78 (40) |
L = 86.1 (11) H = 87.3 (17) |
L = 112.5 (14) H = 113.3 (13) |
Mean (SD) |
| Yang 2014 (US) [43] |
395 (0/395) |
L = 38.2 (8.6) H = 37.1 (8.4) |
General population | Study Specific MDS—42 points [43] | No info | L = 41.7 (1.3) H = 46.6 (1.3) |
L = 140.4 (1.8) H = 115.8 (1.8) |
L = 93.2 (1.2) H = 91.1 (1.2) |
L = 122.4 (12.6) H = 122.8 (13.3) |
Geometric mean (SD) |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001. 1: Age range. Variables are displayed as mean (SD), OR [95% Confidence Interval]. CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease, F: Female, FBG: Fasting Blood Glucose, FFQ: Food Frequency Questionnaire, H: High Adherence, HDL: High-Density Lipoprotein, L: Low Adherence, M: Male, M: Moderate Adherence, MD: Mediterranean Diet, MEDAS: Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener, MDS: Mediterranean Diet Score, MSDPS: Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Score, OR: Odds Ratio, SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure, SD: Standard Deviation, T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, TG: Triglycerides and WC: Waist circumference.