Table 3.
Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Study ID (Country) |
No Participants (F/M) | Age (Years) |
Population | MD Assessment Tool |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abiemo 2013 (US) [45] |
2440 (1305/1135) |
L = 60.0 (10.3) H = 63.0 (10.3) |
General population | Study Specific Alternate MDS—10 points [45] |
| Ahmad 2018 (US) [58] |
16,623 (16,623/0) |
L = 52.6 (6.7) H = 54.9 (8.1) |
General population | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Ahmed 2020 (US) [59] |
224 (133/91) |
L = 56.2 (12.6) H = 66.7 (11.6) |
Community-dweling adults | Sofi MDS—12 points [32] |
| Asghari 2016 (Iran) [60] |
622 (308/314) |
L = 43.0 (9.1) H = 43.7 (9.7) |
Subjects without CKD | Trichopoulou MDS—8 points [108] |
| Baratta 2017 (Italy) [61] |
148 (47/101) |
L = 51.7 (11.3) H = 57.7 (11.9) |
Outpatients presenting with T2DM, HBP, Overweight/Obese, Dyslipedemia or MetS | Short MDS—9 points [34] |
| Bondia-Pons 2009 (Spain) [62] | 70 (41/29) |
47 (15.3) | General population | MD Quality Index—14 point % adherence [37] |
| Campanella 2020 (Italy) [63] |
2387 (1183/1204) |
L = 45.5(15.5) H = 54.6 (15.5) |
General population | Relative MD system—18 points [38] |
| Dai 2008 (US) [64] |
194 (0/194) |
L = 53.8 (0.3) H = 54.8 (0.3) |
Middle aged twins who have served in the Vietman War | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Esposito 2009 (Italy) [65] |
475 (232/243) |
L = 58.0 (7.0) H = 58.3 (7.0) |
T2DM patients | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Gardener 2015 (US) [66] |
543 (308/235) |
L = 69.0 (8.0) H = 65.0 (9.0) |
Population never diagnosed with stroke | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Giraldi 2020 (Italy) [67] |
209 (61/148) |
L = 41.7 (13.3) H = 49.9 (16.4) |
Patients with NAFLD | Sofi MDS—12 points [32] |
| Giugliano 2010a (Italy) [69] |
315 (315/0) |
L = 57.7 (6.7) H = 58.0 (6.8) |
T2DM patients | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Giugliano 2010b (Italy) [68] |
288 (0/288) |
L = 54.7 (6.9) H = 58.7 (7.0) |
T2DM patients | Trichopoulou MDS- 9 points [21] |
| Granado-Casas 2020 (Spain) [70] | 92 (52/40) |
L = 41.9 (10.6) H = 45.1 (10.9) |
T1DM patients | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Grosso 2015 (Poland) [46] |
4678 (2408/2270) |
45–69 * | General population | Modified Panagiotakos MDS—60 points [31] |
| Hu 2013 (Spain) [71] |
7305 (4188/3117) |
L = 67.2 (6.2) H = 67.0 (6.2) |
Adults with high risk of CVD, with T2DM or at least 3/6 CVD risk factors | PREDIMED MEDAS Score—14 points [33] |
| Izadi 2016 (Iran) [72] |
325 (325/0) |
L = 28.0 (6.2) H = 27.2 (5.2) |
Pregnant carrying singleton fetuses with/without GDM | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Jalilpiran 2020 (Iran) [73] |
357 (0/357) |
L = 66.5 (6.7) H = 63.3 (5.8) |
General population | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Jayedi 2019 (Iran) [74] |
131 (131/0) |
L = 54.7 (6.8) H = 54.9 (7.5) |
Females with prevalent T2DM or with history of 3–10 yrs T2DM and with/without DN | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Köroğlu 2020 (Turkey) [75] |
25 (0/25) |
18–65 * | Patients with lower limb amputation | PREDIMED MEDAS Score—14 points [33] |
| Kwon 2020 (Korea) [76] |
148 (84/64) |
L = 43.6 (9.1) H = 53.3 (8.3) |
General Population | PREDIMED MEDAS Score—14 points [33] |
| Lavados 2020 (Leu) [77] |
368 (158/210) |
L = 67.2 (18.7) H = 69.9 (16.9) |
Patients with acute ischemic stroke | PREDIMED MEDAS Score—14 points [33] |
| Leu 2019 (Taiwan) [78] |
1400 (807/593) |
L = 48.4 (12.7) H = 50.6 (11.4) |
General Population | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Mateo-Gallego 2017 (Spain) [79] | 1016 (54/962) |
L = 50.9 (4.0) H = 51.7 (3.7) |
Employees of car assembly plant | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Molina-Leyva 2018 (Spain) [80] | 25 (No info) |
L = 43.7 (10.9) H = 50.8 (13.5) |
Patients with psoriasis | PREDIMED MEDAS Score—14 points [33] |
| Moradi 2020 (Iran) [81] |
153 (95/58) |
L = 64.7 (9.3) H = 67.2 (9.8) |
Diabetic patients with nephropathy | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Mosconi 2014 (US) [82] |
52 (37/15) |
L = 53.0 (13) H = 55.0 (12) |
Cognitive-normal individuals | Study Specific MDS—9 points [82] |
| Park 2016 (US) [83] |
1034 (572/462) |
L = 40.8 (0.9) H = 40.8 (1.3) |
Metabolicaly healthy and unhealthy obese population | Panagiotakos MDS—55 points [31] |
| Peñalvo 2015 (Spain) [84] |
516 (18/498) |
L = 50.8 (3.8) H = 51.5 (3.4) |
General population | MEDAS Score [33] Alternative MD index [41] |
| Pocovi-Gerardino 2020 (Spain) [85] | 159 (143/16) |
L = 38.6 (9.7) H = 28.3 (12.8) |
Patients with SLE | PREDIMED MEDAS Score—14 points [33] |
| Ruiz-Cabello 2016 (Spain) [86] | 118 (118/0) |
L = 52.0 (4.8) H = 52.9 (4.1) |
Peri- and menopausal females | Panagiotakos MDS—55 points [31] |
| Salas-Huetos 2019 (Spain) [87] | 57 (0/57) |
L = 24.1 (4.5) H = 26.3 (4.8) |
Healthy subjects | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Sotos-Prieto 2014 (UK) [88] |
10,359 (5593/4766) |
L = 59.0 (9.4) H = 59.3 (9.3) |
General population | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Tuttolomondo 2015 (Italy) [89] | 288 (162/126) |
L = 72.9 (14.8) H = 72.4 (13.2) |
Patients with ischemic heart disease | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Tuttolomondo 2020 (Italy) [90] | 409 (250/159) |
L = 70.2 (12.6) H = 72.0 (10.4) |
Patients with congestive heart failure | Trichopoulou MDS—9 points [21] |
| Tzima 2007 (Greece) [91] |
1040 (333/707) |
L = 55.0 (13) H = 35.0 (10) |
Obese and Overweight population | Panagiotakos MDS—55 points [31] |
| Veglia 2019 (Finland, Sweden, Netherlands, France, Italy) [47] |
1835 (980/855) |
L = 64.8 (5.4) H = 63.9 (5.7) |
Patients with >3 vascular risk factors | Study Specific MDS—7 points [47] |
| Veissi 2016 (Iran) [92] |
157 (104/53) |
L = 54.3 (9.9) H = 54.6 (8.9) |
T2DM patients | Study Specific MDS—4 points [92] |
| Viscogliosi 2013 (Italy) [93] |
55 (33/22) |
L = 59.6 (10.2) H = 60.0 (9.4) |
High CVD risk population | PREDIMED MEDAS Score—14 points [33] |
| Vitale 2018 (Italy) [49] |
1539 (606/933) |
No info | T2DM patients with HbA1c 7%–9% |
Modified Trichopoulou MDS—18 points [21] |
| Zupo 2020 (Italy) [94] |
324 (228/96) |
L = 38.0 (13.1) H = 42.5 (13.1) |
General population | PREDIMED MEDAS Score—14 points [33] |
* Age range. Variables are displayed as mean (SD). CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease, CVD: Cardiovascular Diseases, DN: Diabetic Nephropathy, F: Female, GDM: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, H: High Adherence, HBP: High Blood Pressure, L: Low Adherence: M: Male, MDS: Mediterranean Diet Score, MEDAS: Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener, MetS: Metabolic Syndrome, NAFLD: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, SLE: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, T1DM: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.